Chapter 7 Consiousness Flashcards
consciousness
state of awareness of the self and environment
the concept of levels of awareness
a continuum that includes both high and low awareness
mindfulness
a state of heightened conscious awareness
best way a person can use high awareness to change opinions formed in low awareness conditions
flexible correction model
if your friend uses the phrase “red hat” in a sentence and then, several minutes later, you noticed someone wearing a red hat you might reasonably conclude that this is an example of:
Priming
Darcy is in a relaxed state with decreased self-consciousness. In this state she is open to suggestion. Which state is Darcy in?
Hypnosis
The separation of one’s awareness from everything besides what one is centrally focused on
Disassociation
The ability to focus on an activity or stimulus over a long period of time:
Sustained attention
What kind of attention allows us to attend to many sources of information at once?
Divided attention
The cocktail party phenomenon best illustrates what type of atention?
Selective attention
In these tasks people learn to ignore what is presented to the opposite ear and become very
good at only paying attention to one of the messages.
Dichotic listening tasks
The rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.
Circadian
REM sleep is characterized by
Quick fast eye movements and dreaming
What disorder is characterized by a persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep?
Insomnia
A disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of nodding off
Narcolepsy
Research found that older adults who had better sleep patterns also lived longer.
True
The hidden psychological meaning of a dream.
Latent
Chemical substances that alter brain function by causing temporary changes in perception,
mood, consciousness and behavior are called
Psychoactive drugs
the four primary classes of drugs?
stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens.
These block the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the synapses of the
CNS.
Stimulant
These substances induce a soothing influence, promote sleep, alleviate pain, and decelerate heart rate and breathing:
Depressant
Our bodies naturally produce ___ to reduce pain and produce euphoria.
Opioids
Which are most likely to cause altered sensory and perceptual experiences?
Hallucinogens
What ways can we alter consciousness?
Hypnosis
Meditation
Sensory Deprivation
People who are more “hypnotizable” are often higher in what trait?
Empathy
Prolonged sensory deprivation is good for a person because it helps you feel more relaxed.
False
What is an essential component of self-defeating behaviours?
Escape from consciousness
Who is gonerally regarded as the most famous advocate of the importance of unconscious
processes?
Freud
If we were to measure your brain waves when you were asked which snack you would prefer, we would find that
before you consciously made your choice neural
activity occurred that reflected you had already made up your mind.
800 milliseconds
The
effect refers to the idea that people like people, places, or things only because
they are familiar with them and have regular contact with them.
Mere-exposure
akrasia
what Socrates called lack of control over oneself
low awareness
subtle sometimes subliminal influence of information on our behaviour
high awareness
refers to our consciousness of what is going on around us
the river analogy
low awareness is floating on a raft letting the current push you
high awareness is traveling in a canoe having to paddle and steer
priming
activation of certain concepts and associations from memory
Stroop effect
psychological phenomenon where people take longer to name the color of a word when it doesn’t match the word’s meaning
hypnosis
state of consciousness that involves focused attention, reduced peripheral awareness, and an enhanced capacity to respond to suggestion
dissococation
separation of ones awareness from everything beside what one is centrally focused on
example of sustained attention
studying for an hour solely focusing on it
divided attention example
driving, steering, pushing pedals, etc
cocktail party phenomenon
while at a crowded party you are listening to a conversation while many others are going on and you may not notice other things around you, but if someone says your name you automatically shift your attention to them
broadbent model of cocktail party
made sense but it does not explain why we can be at a party and suddenly hear our name called across the room
treisman’s model of the cocktail party
explains why the cocktail party phenomenon occurs. Or why we can monitor some of the information presented to the non-attended ear but don’t get all of it
late selection model of cocktail party
is consistent with idea of subliminal messaging and that anything presented in your environment, conscious or otherwise, can influence your behavior
circadian rhythm examples
heart rate
blood pressure
blood
what happens when light is low
the nucleus analyzes the light and send signals tot he pineal gland which secretes melatonin to produce sleep
electrocephalogram
people sleeping in research labs while hooked up to monitors to track brain waves
2 major sleep stages
REM
Non-REM
REM sleep
rapid eye movements and dreaming
25% of sleep
external awareness diminishes and consciousness is filled with minimal thinking
Non REM sleeping
slow brainwaves that are divided into 3 stages each lasting about 90 minutes
NREM stage 1
just starting to fall asleep with theta waves
NREM stage 2
light sleep, occasional sleep spindles, consolidating memories
55% of sleep
NREM stage 3
deep sleep, increased muscle relaxation, delta waves 20-25% of sleep
sleep walking
nightmares
bed wetting
why are erections common in the morning
the limbic system is increased in the morning and it causes sexual arousal
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last 10 seconds
cataplexy
when someone loses muscle tone resulting in partial or complete collapse
somnambulism
sleep walking
bruxism
grinding teeth during sleep
restless leg syndrome
itching, burning, or uncomfortable feeling in the legs
cost of 5 days without sleeping
DAY 1
difficulty focusing
DAY 2
moodiness
difficulty focusing
DAY 3
irritability
memory lapses
small hallucinations
DAY 4
hallucinations knowing they aren’t real
DAY 5
paranoia
manifest content of dreams
literal context and actions of the dream
latent context of dreams
hidden psychological meaning of the dream
activation synthesis theory of dreaming
dreams our brains interpret of the random firing of neurons in the brain stem
psychoactive drugs
chemical that changes our states of consciousness, perceptions, and moods
4 classes of psychoactive drugs
stimulants
depressants
opioids
hallucinogens
stimulants
block the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in synapses of the CNS
stimulants examples
caffeine
nicotine
cocaine
effects of stimulants
heightened heart rates
breathing rates
pupil dilation
increased blood sugar
decreased appetite
depressants
increase production of GABA and decrease production of acetylcholine
symptoms of depressants
calming effects, sleep, pain relief, slowed heart rate, and respiration
opioids
help reduce pain and produce euphoria
symptoms of opioids
slowing body functions, constipation, respiratory, and cardiac depression and the rapid development of tolerance
hallucinogens
psychoactive drugs that significantly alter consciousness, perception, and may induce hallucinations
safety ratio
a way to determine how dangerous a drug is based on the dose likely to be fatal divided by the normal dose needed to feel the effects
how was hypnosis discovered
by Franz Anton Mesmer an Austrian doctor who believed people were filled with magnetic energy. He moved a magnet along them trying to remove their problems and they fell into a trace-like state feeling better when they awoke
sensory deprivation
intentionally reduces sensory stimuli to induce changes in consciousness
example of the mere-exposure effect
I’m loving it from McDonalds
