Chapter 9 Intelligence and language Flashcards by Naomi Kobylko

intelligence is

an individual’s cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall
and apply information

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Crystallized Intelligence is our_______________, while Fluid Intelligence is our
_________________

ability to acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel
situations

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Howard Gardner proposed that

intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences – a model that claims there are
eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other

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Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back
inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating
the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

practical

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In Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________
intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence

interpersonal; intrapersonal

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what is the Flynn effect

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous
generation

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Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they_______

experience more pervasive daily stress, may be malnourished, and are not exposed
to as many opportunities to thrive compared to more wealthy families

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John has an impressive ability to solve problems quickly. He is high in what kind of
intelligence

fluid

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Women score higher than men in what abilities

verbal

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the four subtypes of intellectual disability/borderline
intelligence

mild
moderate
profound
severe

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average IQ score

100

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Billy has an extra 21st chromosome. What has he likely been diagnosed with?

down syndrome

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What is a limitation of sex differences in intelligence

they don’t tell us much about people as individuals

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eugenics

the idea that we should only let people with desirable characteristics to reproduce

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Which concept describes the idea that the negative impact of race on standardized tests can be caused in part by the performance situation itself

stereotype threat

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If an intelligence test is said to be biased, this means that the test

predicts outcomes better for one group than it does for another

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At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the
language(s) in their environments

around 10 months old

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Which animals have been demonstrated to be able to acquire true language

Currently we say that no animals have demonstrated true language

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What are the rules by which we construct sentences?

syntax

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The interpretation of words can change as a function of what

contextual information

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Why is it most important to determine quickly if a child is deaf

children who are not exposed to language early on likely never learn one

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Why does learning a language become more difficult as people get older?

the brain loses its plasticity

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when do people learn language

before birth

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general intelligence factor

construct that the different abilities and skills measured on intelligence tests have in common

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specific intelligence

a measure of specific skills in narrow domains

fluid intelligence

capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing activities

crystallized intelligence

the accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired throughout our lives

crystalized intelligence ______ with age

increases

fluid intelligence ______ with age

decreases

LL Thurstone proposed there were...

7 clusters of primary mental abilities

Triarchic theory of intelligence

people may be more or less advanced in three areas of intelligence

3 areas of intelligence

analytical creative practical

convergent thinking

thinking that is directed toward finding the correct answer to a given problem

divergent thinking

the ability to generate many different ideas for or solutions to a single problem

5 components for creativity

expertise imaginative thinking risk taking intrinsic interest working in a creative environment

practical intelligence is also known as

street smarts

practical intelligence

refers to intelligence that cannot be gained from books or formal learning. gained through experience and social interactions

Howard Gardeners...

8 specific intelligences

linguistic logico-mathematical spatial musical kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal naturalistic

Stanford Binet intelligence test

a measure of general intelligence made up of a wide variety of tasks including vocabulary, memory for pictures, naming of familiar objects, repeating sentences, and following commands

aptitude test

measure one's ability to perform a certain task

formula to calculate IQ

mental age ÷ chronological age X 100

personal selection

the use of structured tests to select people who are likely to perform well at a given job

job analysis

determine what knowledge, skills, abilities, and personal characteristics are required for a given job

verbal intelligence is more active in areas involved in

processing and producing language

spatial intelligence is found in areas that

control and process

in western culture intelligence is seen as

an important personality variable

in eastern culture intelligence is seen as

a way of reflecting wisdom and the desire to improve society as a whole and not just themselves

borderline intelligence

generalized disorder ascribed to people who have an IQ below 70, who have experienced deficits since childhood, and who have trouble with basic life skills, such as dressing and feeding themselves and communicating with others

all language is broken into 4 concepts

phonemes morphemes syntax contextual information

phonemes

the smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language

English contains ______ phonemes

morphemes

string of one or more phonemes that makes up the smallest units of meaning in language

generativity

speakers of a language can compose sentences to represent new ideas that they have never before been exposed to

example of generativity

i swimmed or i kickeded it

deep structure and example

how an idea is represented in the fundamental universal grammar that is common to all languages (content of a lecture)

surface structure and example

how an idea is expressed in one language (exact words used in a lecture)

aphasia

a condition in which language functions are severed impaired

Broca's aphasia

understand speech but have difficulty producing speech

Wernicke's aphasia

trouble understanding language but can produce speech

Trevor Noah, host of The Daily Show, speaks multiple languages including English, Xhosa, Zulu, Afrikaans, and German. He often jokes about how switching between languages shaped his worldview and helped him understand people better. Being raised bilingual enhanced his language and cultural sensitivity. (choose the theory)

bilingualism

Stephen Hawking couldn't walk or talk without assistance due to ALS, but his deep understanding of black holes, relativity, and quantum mechanics revolutionized physics. He was famous for his ability to analyze abstract problems and explain them simply (choose the theory)

Gardner's logical-mathematical intelligence

Jennifer Lopez is often underestimated for her acting or musical abilities because she is a Latina performer who started as a dancer. She’s spoken about how assumptions based on her background made her feel like she had to work twice as hard to prove herself. (choose the theory)

biased testing

Before becoming a Hollywood star, Gerard Butler trained and worked as a lawyer. However, feeling unfulfilled, he left the legal world to pursue acting—despite having no formal training. He used his life experience, ability to read people, and quick learning on set to navigate the industry. His success came not from traditional education, but from adaptability, street smarts, and knowing how to handle real-world challenges (choose the theory)

Sternberg's practical intelligence

Emma Watson, while attending Brown University, said in interviews that people often assumed she wasn’t academically inclined because she was a celebrity. She’s spoken about how those comments made her second-guess herself—even though she graduated from an Ivy League school (choose the theory)

stereotype threat

Elon Musk is known not only for engineering electric cars and rockets, but also for imagining new ways to solve global problems like traffic congestion and energy consumption. Musk has a creative and risk-taking approach (choose the theory)

Sternberg’s Creative Intelligence (Divergent Thinking)

Michael Jordan, widely considered the greatest basketball player of all time, was once cut from his high school team. Despite this, he kept practicing relentlessly, mastering the coordination and body control that would later define his legacy. His success isn't based on book smarts, but on his unmatched physical ability (choose the theory)

Gardner's bodily-kinesthetic intelligence

Venus and Serena Williams grew up practicing tennis on run-down courts in Compton, guided by their father. Despite lacking access to elite coaching at first, their natural ability and hard work led to IQ scores above average (choose the theory)

nature vs nurture

As a toddler, Shakira was recorded singing before she could form full sentences. By age four, she was writing songs. Later, she became fluent in five languages. Shakira has a natural ability to play with sound, rhythm, and words (choose the theory)

Gardner's linguistic intelligence

Bill Gates and his childhood friend Paul Allen had eerily similar scores on cognitive tests, even though they were raised in different environments. Later, their genius led to the birth of Microsoft. Studies on twins and close friends like them are often cited in discussions about how both genes and environment shape intelligence. (choose the theory)

High intelligence