Chapter 9 Intelligence and language Flashcards
intelligence is
an individual’s cognitive capacity, including the ability to acquire, process, recall
and apply information
Crystallized Intelligence is our_______________, while Fluid Intelligence is our
_________________
ability to acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel
situations
Howard Gardner proposed that
intelligence is comprised of multiple intelligences – a model that claims there are
eight different types of intelligence that are independent of each other
Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back
inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating
the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence
practical
In Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________
intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence
interpersonal; intrapersonal
what is the Flynn effect
The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous
generation
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they_______
experience more pervasive daily stress, may be malnourished, and are not exposed
to as many opportunities to thrive compared to more wealthy families
John has an impressive ability to solve problems quickly. He is high in what kind of
intelligence
fluid
Women score higher than men in what abilities
verbal
the four subtypes of intellectual disability/borderline
intelligence
mild
moderate
profound
severe
average IQ score
100
Billy has an extra 21st chromosome. What has he likely been diagnosed with?
down syndrome
What is a limitation of sex differences in intelligence
they don’t tell us much about people as individuals
eugenics
the idea that we should only let people with desirable characteristics to reproduce
Which concept describes the idea that the negative impact of race on standardized tests can be caused in part by the performance situation itself
stereotype threat
If an intelligence test is said to be biased, this means that the test
predicts outcomes better for one group than it does for another
At what age can babies only discriminate among those phonemes that are used in the
language(s) in their environments
around 10 months old
Which animals have been demonstrated to be able to acquire true language
Currently we say that no animals have demonstrated true language
What are the rules by which we construct sentences?
syntax
The interpretation of words can change as a function of what
contextual information
Why is it most important to determine quickly if a child is deaf
children who are not exposed to language early on likely never learn one
Why does learning a language become more difficult as people get older?
the brain loses its plasticity
when do people learn language
before birth
general intelligence factor
construct that the different abilities and skills measured on intelligence tests have in common
specific intelligence
a measure of specific skills in narrow domains
fluid intelligence
capacity to learn new ways of solving problems and performing activities
crystallized intelligence
the accumulated knowledge of the world we have acquired throughout our lives
crystalized intelligence ______ with age
increases
fluid intelligence ______ with age
decreases
LL Thurstone proposed there were…
7 clusters of primary mental abilities
Triarchic theory of intelligence
people may be more or less advanced in three areas of intelligence
3 areas of intelligence
analytical
creative
practical
convergent thinking
thinking that is directed toward finding the correct answer to a given problem
divergent thinking
the ability to generate many different ideas for or solutions to a single problem
5 components for creativity
expertise
imaginative thinking
risk taking
intrinsic interest
working in a creative environment
practical intelligence is also known as
street smarts
practical intelligence
refers to intelligence that cannot be gained from books or formal learning. gained through experience and social interactions
Howard Gardeners…
8 specific intelligences
8 specific intelligences
linguistic
logico-mathematical
spatial
musical
kinesthetic
interpersonal
intrapersonal
naturalistic
Stanford Binet intelligence test
a measure of general intelligence made up of a wide variety of tasks including vocabulary, memory for pictures, naming of familiar objects, repeating sentences, and following commands
aptitude test
measure one’s ability to perform a certain task
formula to calculate IQ
mental age ÷ chronological age X 100
personal selection
the use of structured tests to select people who are likely to perform well at a given job
job analysis
determine what knowledge, skills, abilities, and personal characteristics are required for a given job
verbal intelligence is more active in areas involved in
processing and producing language
spatial intelligence is found in areas that
control and process
in western culture intelligence is seen as
an important personality variable
in eastern culture intelligence is seen as
a way of reflecting wisdom and the desire to improve society as a whole and not just themselves
borderline intelligence
generalized disorder ascribed to people who have an IQ below 70, who have experienced deficits since childhood, and who have trouble with basic life skills, such as dressing and feeding themselves and communicating with others
all language is broken into 4 concepts
phonemes
morphemes
syntax
contextual information
phonemes
the smallest unit of sound that makes a meaningful difference in a language
English contains ______ phonemes
45
morphemes
string of one or more phonemes that makes up the smallest units of meaning in language
generativity
speakers of a language can compose sentences to represent new ideas that
they have never before been exposed to
example of generativity
i swimmed or i kickeded it
deep structure and example
how an idea is represented in the fundamental universal grammar that is common to all languages (content of a lecture)
surface structure and example
how an idea is expressed in one language (exact words used in a lecture)
aphasia
a condition in which language functions are severed impaired
Broca’s aphasia
understand speech but have difficulty producing speech
Wernicke’s aphasia
trouble understanding language but can produce speech
Trevor Noah, host of The Daily Show, speaks multiple languages including English,
Xhosa, Zulu, Afrikaans, and German. He often jokes about how switching between
languages shaped his worldview and helped him understand people better. Being raised
bilingual enhanced his language and cultural sensitivity. (choose the theory)
bilingualism
Stephen Hawking couldn’t walk or talk without assistance due to ALS, but his deep
understanding of black holes, relativity, and quantum mechanics revolutionized physics.
He was famous for his ability to analyze abstract problems and explain them simply (choose the theory)
Gardner’s logical-mathematical intelligence
Jennifer Lopez is often underestimated for her acting or musical abilities because she is
a Latina performer who started as a dancer. She’s spoken about how assumptions based
on her background made her feel like she had to work twice as hard to prove herself.
(choose the theory)
biased testing
Before becoming a Hollywood star, Gerard Butler trained and worked as a lawyer.
However, feeling unfulfilled, he left the legal world to pursue acting—despite having no
formal training. He used his life experience, ability to read people, and quick learning on
set to navigate the industry. His success came not from traditional education, but from
adaptability, street smarts, and knowing how to handle real-world challenges
(choose the theory)
Sternberg’s practical intelligence
Emma Watson, while attending Brown University, said in interviews that people often
assumed she wasn’t academically inclined because she was a celebrity. She’s spoken
about how those comments made her second-guess herself—even though she graduated
from an Ivy League school
(choose the theory)
stereotype threat
Elon Musk is known not only for engineering electric cars and rockets, but also for
imagining new ways to solve global problems like traffic congestion and energy
consumption. Musk has a creative and risk-taking approach
(choose the theory)
Sternberg’s Creative Intelligence (Divergent Thinking)
Michael Jordan, widely considered the greatest basketball player of all time, was once
cut from his high school team. Despite this, he kept practicing relentlessly, mastering the
coordination and body control that would later define his legacy. His success isn’t based
on book smarts, but on his unmatched physical ability
(choose the theory)
Gardner’s bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
Venus and Serena Williams grew up practicing tennis on run-down courts in Compton,
guided by their father. Despite lacking access to elite coaching at first, their natural
ability and hard work led to IQ scores above average
(choose the theory)
nature vs nurture
As a toddler, Shakira was recorded singing before she could form full sentences. By age
four, she was writing songs. Later, she became fluent in five languages. Shakira has a
natural ability to play with sound, rhythm, and words
(choose the theory)
Gardner’s linguistic intelligence
Bill Gates and his childhood friend Paul Allen had eerily similar scores on cognitive
tests, even though they were raised in different environments. Later, their genius led to
the birth of Microsoft. Studies on twins and close friends like them are often cited in
discussions about how both genes and environment shape intelligence.
(choose the theory)
High intelligence
