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OCS > Critical Inquiry and EBP > Flashcards

Critical Inquiry and EBP Flashcards

1
Q

A level evidence

A

strong

lots of evidence from RCTs, at least one high quality

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2
Q

B level evidence

A

moderate evidence
single high quality RCT
or
multiple lower quality RCT

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3
Q

C level evidence

A

weak
based on single weak RCT
or
preponderance of evidence from: case control, case series, retrospective

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4
Q

D level evidence

A

conflicting evidence

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5
Q

E level evidence

A

theoretical or foundational

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6
Q

F level evidence

A

expert opinion

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7
Q

P value

A

probability differences between groups (results) is due to chance. assuming null hypothesis is true.

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8
Q

Type 1 error

A

detecting a difference when there isn’t one “backing a loser”

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9
Q

Type 2 error

A

no difference between groups but there actually is one “missing a winner”
-could be too few subjects to detect a difference

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10
Q

Effect sizes

A

0.8+ = LARGE
0.5-0.79 = moderate
0.2-0.49 = small
lower than 0.2 = trivial

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11
Q

Interrater reliability

A

multiple clinicians performing the same test

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12
Q

Intrarater reliability

A

same clinician performing the test

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13
Q

Cohen’s Kappa

A 
Interrater reliability
0 = no better than chance
<0.4 = poor
0.4-0.6 = fair
0.6-0.75 = good
>0.75 = excellent
1 = perfect
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14
Q

Positive likelihood ratio

A 
how much to increase suspicion of certain condition based on positive test result. Larger than 1.
>10 = large shift toward
5-10 = mod
<5 = small
1 = no change
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15
Q

Negative Likelihood ratio

A 
how much to decrease suspicion based on a negative test result, smaller than 1.
<0.1 = large shift away
0.1-0.2 = mod
0.2 = small
1 = no change
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16
Q

Sensitivity

A

probability that a person will test positive when they have the disease. Ability to detect disease.
Higher sensitivity = rule OUT
SNOUT
Risk of false positives

17
Q

Specificity

A

probability that a person will test negative when they don’t have the disease.
Higher specificity = rule IN
SPIN

18
Q

Selection Bias

A

study population not representative of target population

defense: completely blind randomization

19
Q

Information Bias

A

misclassification, diagnostic, or calibration bias. Faulty instruments or methods.

20
Q

Misclassification

A

participant coded wrong - smoker coded as non smoker, etc

21
Q

Diagnostic or detection bias

A

differential assessment of outcome between exposed and unexposed groups
decrease: blinding study staff.

22
Q

Calibration bias

A

inaccuracies in measurements inherent in device or due to operator error

23
Q

publication bias

A

failure to publish solely on basis of direction or magnitude of difference in study results

24
Q

Placebo effect

A

individual believes tx will work, that belief has therapeutic value.
Placebo needs to look like real tx. Biggest effect on outcomes mediated by the brain: pain, fear, perceived functional ability.

25
Q

Nocebo Effect

A

negative beliefs can result in worse outcomes. exaggerated if its implied or suggested there will be negative side effects, or if subject had side effects from treatments in the past.

26
Q

Control for placebo and nocebo effects

A

exclusion criteria to remove individuals with past positive or negative tx results.
Randomization.

27
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

subjects that know they are in a research study tent to work harder

28
Q

Observer effect

A

people work harder when being watched. Healthcare: more improvements with more attention, give both groups same attention/time.

29
Q

John Henry Effect

A

control group perceives they are disadvantaged vs experimental group and work harder. control group may seek other tx in addition or perform more self tx.
Blind subjects to decrease

30
Q

Pygmalion/Rosenthal Effect

A

expectations of those in authority effect outcomes, may be researchers expectations cause them to treat different groups differently, effecting outcomes.
Blind clinicians to decrease.

31
Q

ICF Model: Body functions

A

physiological functions of body systems - including psychological

32
Q

ICF Model: Body Structures

A

anatomical parts of body such as organs, limbs, and their components

33
Q

ICF Model: Impairments

A

Problems in body function or structure such as significant deviation or loss

34
Q

ICF Model: Activity

A

execution of a task or action by an individual

35
Q

ICF Model: Participation

A

involvement in life situation

36
Q

ICF Model: Participation restrictions

A

problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations

37
Q

ICF Model: Environmental factors

A

physical, social, and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives.

OCS (21 decks)

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