Criminal Inv-Chapter 5, Laboratory and Technical Serv

Question 1

trustworthiness of an expert is important to the net worth of the ___ _____

Answer 1

entire investigation

Question 2

Any suspicion of subjectivity or dishonesty destroys the legal significant of evidence

Answer 2

becuase the average trier of facts may easlily view such conduct as affecting the credibility of the entire investigation

Question 3

criminalistics

Answer 3

is the profession and scientific discipline directed to the recognition, identification, individualization and evaluation of physical evidence by application of the naturla sciences in matters of law and science

Question 4

identification in criminalistics is aligned with the logic of __

Answer 4

set theory- all objects can be divided and subdivided into various sets on the basis of their properties. identification in relation to physical evidence and its analysis is defined as the determination of some set to which an object or substance belongs

Question 5

primary carrier of genetic information in living organisms, consists of a long, spiral structure that has been likened to a twisted ladder

Answer 5

molecule of DNA

Question 6

handrails of the ladder string together to form the ladder rungs. Each rung consists of a

Answer 6

base pair- two of four varieties of nucleic acid and are combined in pairs called nucleotides

Question 7

the sequence of these base pairs constitutes the genetic coding of

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

DNA in humans is found in all cells that contain a nucleus- except

Answer 8

red blood cell

Question 9

Each nucleated cell usually contain a full complement of an individuals DNA called __

Answer 9

genome

Question 10

Genome consists of approx how many base pairs? of which about ____actually differ from person to person

Answer 10

3 billion base pairs

3 million

Question 11

person-to-person differences within a particular segment of DNA sequence ar referred to as

Answer 11

alleles

Question 12

polymerase chain reaction -PCR

Answer 12

extracting DNA from small evidence sample and then replicating it thru a complex operation of repeated heating and cooling cycles and exposure to an enzyme. Each cyle doubles the quantity of DNA. by examining several locations (loci) where variations occurs, a typing profile can be produced

Question 13

Short tandem repeats-STR

Answer 13

FBI has selected thirteen STR loci to serve as a standard battery of core loci,

Question 14

According to standard PCR protocol. Each dark spot that appears can be read as “yes” or
“no” to the question of whether a particular individual possesses a given

Answer 14

allele

Question 15

a difference of a single allele can exclude someone as the donor of that evidence sample. the more locations that show the same allele pattern, the stronger the evidence that the two samples came from the same individual

Answer 15

allele

Question 16

DNA is found in

Answer 16

all body tissues and fluids, saliva, skin cells, bone, teeth, tissue, urine, feces and host of other biological specimens.

Question 17

DNA molecule is long lived, it is likely to be detectable for many years in bones and body fluids stains from older criminal cases

Answer 17

DNA

Question 18

human cell contains two tpes of DNA.

Answer 18

nuclear and mitochondrial

Question 19

nuclear DNA

Answer 19

contains 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nuclei of the cells and each parent contributes to the genetic makeup of the chromosomes

Question 20

Mitochondrial DNA-mtDNA

Answer 20

is found outside the nucleus and is inherited soley from the mother. there are hundred of thousands of mitochondria copies in human cell compared to just one nuclear DNA located in the same cell

Question 21

Scientist use mtDNA to identify subject when

Answer 21

nuclear DNA is significantly degraded, such as charred remains.

Question 22

mtDNA is more vigorous, time consuming and costly than nuclear DNA profiling

Answer 22

only a handful of forensic labs process evidence for mtDNA determinations

Question 23

spectrography

Answer 23

the radiation from incandescent gas or vapor is concentrated in certain discrete wavelengths. It will produce a complete elementary analysis of evidence sample containing mineral and other inorganic compounds. it is an all-purpose intrument for criminalistics

Question 24

chromatography

Answer 24

method of separating compounds to identify the components. such as illegal drugs or poison

Question 25

Gas chromatographs

Answer 25

analytical tool becuase with them microsamples of such complex compositions as gasoline, fuel oil, perfumes, hair dressings and paint thinners can be identified from their constituents

Question 26

X-ray crystallography

Answer 26

identifing of any crystalline solid or compound from which a crystalline sold derivative can be made

Question 27

X-ray diffraction

Answer 27

used in proccesing very small samples in examining samples with noncrystalline impurities and identifying inorganic and mineral substances

Question 28

X-ray spectra

Answer 28

used for analysis and identification

Question 29

neutron activation analysis-NAA

Answer 29

can analyze samples one hunderd times to small for ordinary spectrographic techniques.

Question 30

gamma-ray-spectrometer

Answer 30

to measure the distinctive radioactive gamma-ray emissions and thereby to identify elements from which the rays originate.

Question 31

NAA technique and its application in the study of gunshot residues have returned a potential item of evidence to investigators.

Answer 31

empty

Question 32

paraffin-lifing kits are used on suspects hands and NAA measurments for the presence of

Answer 32

antimony and barium, which are common gunshot residues,

Question 33

trace metal detection technique-TMDT

Answer 33

distinctive signatures of handguns, tools and other metal objects .

Question 34

ultrasonic cavitation

Answer 34

etching method used for restoring obliterated serial numbers on firearms and other metal objects

Question 35

lasers

Answer 35

used in detection of latent fingerprints and of questioned documents.

Question 36

voiceprinting

Answer 36

identification of voices.

Question 37

crytography

Answer 37

use of simple ciphers and codes to protect the security of messages

Question 38

substitution cipher

Answer 38

most common cipher used.

Question 39

transposition ciphers

Answer 39

change in the order of the enciphered material

Question 40

reversal transposition

Answer 40

reversed numbers

Question 41

split combination

Answer 41

empty

Question 42

National Integrated Ballistic Information Network-NIBIN

Answer 42

maintained by ATF. database on fired cartridge casings, bullets, shotgun shells.

Question 43

International Forensic Automotive Paint Data Query-PDQ

Answer 43

developed and maintained by Forensic Laboratory Services of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Database contains chemical and color info pertaining to factory auto paint and can determine make,model,year and assembly plant on more than 13000 vehicles. Contributors to database include Canada, US as well as 21 other countries.

Question 44

Shoeprint Image Capture and Retrieval-SICAR

Answer 44

shoe sole database