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Psychology Unit 3 > Criminal Behaviour - Methods of Modifying > Flashcards

Criminal Behaviour - Methods of Modifying Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Methods of Modifying Criminal Behaviour?

A
  1. Anger Management

2. Restorative Justice

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2
Q

What is Anger Management?

A
  • Form of CBT
  • Aim is to reduce emotional response by reconcepualising them emotion using a range of cognitive behavioural skills
  • Most common rehabilitation program
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3
Q

What did the Prison Reform Trust (2014) Find?

A
  • 46% adults imprisoned are re-convicted after a year

- 67% under 18s imprisoned are re-convicted after a year

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4
Q

What is the Short-Term Aim of Anger Management?

A

Reduce anger + aggression within prisons - Navco = ‘Anger Factories’

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5
Q

What is the Long Term Aim of Anger Management?

A

Rehabilitation + reduction of recidivism especially in violent prisons

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6
Q

Describe Why There is Anger in Prisons

A
  • Criminals tend to think irrationally - e.g. Hostile Attribution Bias
  • Attribution = what we think when we observe someone’s actions + draw an influence about what it means
  • Hostile Attribution Bias = when someone has a tendency to always think the worst - can cause anger + aggression
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7
Q

What is the Overall Aim of Anger Management?

A

To change the way a person handles anger + aggression - situation may not be changebale but person can change they way they think about it - therefore changes behaviour

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8
Q

What are Navaco’s 3 Aims?

A
  1. Cognitive Restructuring
  2. Regulation of Arousal
  3. Behavioural Strategies
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9
Q

Describe Cognitive Restructuring

A

Greater self-awareness + control over cognitive dimensions (thoughts) of anger

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10
Q

Describe Regulation of Arousal

A

Learning to control the physiological state

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11
Q

Describe Behavioural Strategies

A

Includes problem solving tasks/strategic withdrawal/assertiveness

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12
Q

What is Stress Inoculation Training Model?

What does it Consist Of?

A
  • Aims to provide a vaccination against future ‘infections’
    1. Conceptualising
    2. Skills Acquisition + Rehearsal
    3. Application + Follow Through
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13
Q

Describe the Conceptualising

(stage one) of Stress Inoculation Training?

A
  • Clients learn about anger generally - both adaptive (helpful) + non-adaptive (not helpful)
  • Analysis their own patterns of anger + identity situations which provokes anger
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14
Q

Describe the Skills Acquisition + Rehearsal (stage two) of Stress Inoculation Training?

A
  • Clients taught various skills to help manage their anger (e.g. self regulation/cognitive flexibility/relaxation)
  • Taught better communication skills therefore can resolve conflicts asserting without being angry
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15
Q

Describe the Application + Follow Through (stage three) of Stress Inoculation Training?

A
  • Clients apply skills initially in controlled/non-threatening situations (e.g. role play)
  • Clients receive extensive feedback from therapist/other members of group
  • Clients later try skills in real world setting
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16
Q

Describe Ireland’s Research (2004)

A
  • Assessed effectiveness of anger management of 87 young male prisoners
  • Baseline measurement assessing per-intervention anger (questionnaire) + assessment by prison officers
  • Experimental group = 50
  • Control group = 37
  • Treatment consisted of 12 one hour sessions over 3 days
  • 8 weeks later - 92% = prisoners getting anger management improved at least one angry behaviour - 8% = deteriorated - control group = no change
17
Q

Anger Management Evaluation
Effectiveness
Supportive Evidence

A

POSITIVE
- Anger management = effective + successful in reducing anger
- Taylor + Navaco (2006) = reported a 75% improvement rate
- Landenberger + Lipsey (2005) = analysed 58 studies using CBT - 20 looked at therapy with anger control key component - found having control element was significant related to amount of improvement
HOWEVER
- Howells (2005) = five meta-analysis - showed moderate benefits - only one person improved

18
Q

Anger Management Evaluation
Effectiveness
Limitations of Anger Management Programmes

A

NEGATIVE

  • Some offenders don’t like to reflect on their style of thinking - drop out of voluntary AMP
  • Alternative to AM is use of drama-based courses -less relevant on verbal ability
  • Assess to readiness to change before programme
  • Better part of a wider therapeutic approach
19
Q

Anger Management Evaluation
Effectiveness
Relationship Between Anger, Aggression + Crime

A
  • Is anger + aggression linked?
  • Loza + Loza-Fanous (1999) = research based in lab on students - link between anger + crime - in study of 300 male prisoners found no difference between violent + non-violent prisoners anger - violent individuals mask anger
  • Loza + Loza-Fanous suggest one danger with AM is they can be harmful as offenders attribute violent behaviour to anger rather then taking responsibility
  • Howells (2005) = “anger is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for aggression + violent crime” - violence can take place without anger acting as a antecedent
20
Q

Anger Management Evaluation
Ethical Implications
Lack of Voluntary Consent

A

NEGATIVE

  • Offenders are often required to take in an anger mangament (e.g. condition of problem)
  • Against the ethical code of therapists - through Anger Management + Domestic Violence ethical code says ‘based on valid informed consent’
  • Ethical issues are a balance between costs+benefits - cost = valid consent benefits for individual + society through anger reduction
21
Q

Anger Management Evaluation
Ethical Implications
Therapist Conflict

A

NEGATIVE

  • Intervention are intended to help the client
  • Conflicts for therapist because they have a duty to the institution + the client
  • Client may tell therapist info. that could threaten security of prison/confess details of crime
  • Breaching any therapeutic confidence is only acceptable in serious situation - pose dilemma for the therapist + would damage clients trust in authority
22
Q

Anger Management Evaluation
Social Implications
Benefits for Prisons Environments

A

POSITIVE

  • Anger management have benefits for prison staff/other prisoners
  • Potential to reduce violence + aggression if we accept anger + aggression are linked
  • Without the link to aggression/violence/anger on its own creates hostile atmosphere
23
Q

Anger Management Evaluation
Social Implications
Financial Implications

A

POSITIVE

  • Cost to economy = £9.5 billion per a year
  • Any method that may reduce offending must benefit society
  • If offenders learn to control their anger better once they are released from prison - may prevent committing further crimes
  • Reducing hostile attribution bias = negative emotion = less likely to escalate
24
Q

What is Restorative Justice?

A
  • Involves communication with the victim
  • Can be over video conference/face-to-face meeting
  • Sometimes an alternative to a prison sentence
25
Q

What are the Aims of Restorative Justice?

A
  1. Rehabilitation of offenders

2. Atonement for wrongdoing

26
Q

Describe the Rehabilitation of Offenders

A
  • Victim has opportunity to explain the real impact of crime
  • Enables offender to understand effects on victim
  • Offenders is encouraged to take perspective of others - reduces possibility of reoffending
  • Offender encouraged to take responsibility for crime - effects on future behaviour
  • Punishment is passive process whereas rehabilitative justice required criminal active participation - change their attitudes towards crime + behaviour
27
Q

What is Atonement (Compensation) for Wrongdoing?

A
  • Offender may offer concrete compensation for crime
  • Atonement = psychologically simply showing feeling of guilt
  • Offender can show understanding of effects of actions
  • Victim has opportunity to express distress + provides offender with chance to develop empathy by taking perspective of victim
28
Q

What is the Victim Perspective?

A
  • Restorative justice reduces the victim’s sense of victimisation - no longer feels powerless
  • Victim may develop a greater understanding of offenders by listening to their account - reduces victim’s of being harmed
29
Q

Who Proposed Restorative Justice?

A

Wachtel + McCold (2003)

30
Q

Describe the Restorative Relationship Triangle

A
  • Crime harms people/relationships and justice requires that harm to be healed
  • Ear;y models only focused on victim + offender but recent ideas recognised the effect on community - involvement of 3 stakeholders is necessary
  • Victim seeks reparation (compensation) the offender takes responsibility + the community aims to achieve reconciliation to maintain a healthy society
31
Q

Restorative Justice Evaluation
Effectiveness
Effectiveness from the Victim’s Perspective

A

POSITIVE

  • Victim who have taken part in restorative justice found it beneficial
  • UK Restorative Justice Council (2015) reported 85% satisfaction from victims’ face to face meetings - covered range of different crimes from theft to violent crimes
  • Avon + Somerset - 92.5% victim satisfaction (violent crimes)
  • Victims claim a greater sense of satisfaction than mainstream courts
32
Q

Restorative Justice Evaluation
Effectiveness
Effectiveness in Terms of Reduced Offending

A
  • Restorative Justice seeks to reduce rates of reoffending + thus reduce crime rates
  • Sherman + Strang (2007) = reviewed 20 studies of face-to-face meetings between victim + offender in US,UK+Australia - all studies showed a reduced reoffending + 0 linked to higher reoffending - lower reoffending rates (11%) as compared to a match control group who served s short sentence (37%)
33
Q

Restorative Justice Evaluation
Effectiveness
Selecting Which Offenders and Which Victims

A
  • Never applies to all offenders + all victims
  • Offender needs to have admitted to crime
  • Zehr (2002) = restorative justice can take place without offender present
  • Victim may decline offer
  • Restorative justice cannot be a global solution
34
Q

Restorative Justice Evaluation
Ethical Issues
From Victims’ Perspective

A

NEGATIVE

  • Can lead to victim feeling worse - psychological harm
  • Victim may feel that criminal showed no empathy - loss of self-essteam
  • Victim may feel taken advantage of as restorative justice is offered instraed of sentence - criminal doesn’t take it seriously
  • May feel embaressed
35
Q

Restorative Justice Evaluation
Ethical Issues
From the Offenders’ Perspective

A
  • Can lead to victim abusing power (e.g. ganging up on offender) especially if offender is a child
  • Victims may try to shame offender - not intention of process - important that offenders feel understood
  • Need to be balanced + benefit both victims and offender
36
Q

Restorative Justice Evaluation
Social Implication
Financial Implications

A
  • UK = large prison population - Restorative Justice needs to reduce prison population by reducing reoffending
  • Zehr (2002) = Traditional penal system did not address the needs of the victim nor did it promote offender accountability
  • UK Restorative Justice Council claims that reduced reoffending means that £8 is saved for every £1 spent
  • Sometimes funded by fines paid by the offender - substantial financial benefits for community
37
Q

Restorative Justice Evaluation
Social Implication
Wider Approach in the Community

A
  • Restorative justice goes beyond offender + victims to wider community
  • Peace Circles - developed in communities where crime + violence is high
  • Aims to foster an environment of respect - community offers support to victim + welcomes offenders to enable a mutual understanding
  • Talking Piece passed around so that person can speak uninterrupted
  • Keeper = maintain atmosphere of respect

Psychology Unit 3 (17 decks)

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