Crime topic 6

Question 1

What is the aim of restorative justice?

Answer 1

to help the victim - give them a sense of control/peace of mind

Question 2

What happens during restorative justice?

Answer 2

The victim and offender are brought together an the victim can explain the impact the crime had on their life and gain an understanding of why they were targeted. Both parties must agree to the process and can bring people to support them

Question 3

What did Sherman and Strong do?

Answer 3

They used internet search to find review articles into RJ - found 36 papers that compared cases where RJ was used vs wasn’t

Question 4

What kind of crimes did Sherman and Strong suggest RJ worked best for?

Answer 4

property and violent crimes as there is a victim that can come to the conference

Question 5

What did Sherman and Strong suggest were the affects of RJ?

Answer 5

Reduced PTSD in victims and reduced repeat offending when used instead of a prison sentence for burglary
It is effective in preventing reoffending in individual offenders

Question 6

What is the assumption that anger management programmes are based on?

Answer 6

that anger causes violence - if offenders learn to control their anger this could lead to a decrease in violent behaviour

Question 7

What were the three steps in most anger management programmes?

Answer 7

Step 1 - cognitive preparation - offenders must learn to identify situations that serve as triggers
Step 2 - skills acquisition - offenders learn different relaxation techniques to use when they have identified anger-provoking situation
Step 3 - Application practice - the skills and awareness learned applied in practice

Question 8

What does CALM teach offenders?

Answer 8

to focus on thinking patterns that lead to criminal behaviour and learn how to solve their problems without getting angry
It also aims to improve offender’s communication skills and help them to develop strategies to prevent relapses of anger

Question 9

What is CALM?

Answer 9

controlling Anger and learning to manage it
24 two-hour sessions that aim to reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of anger - there are six stages

Question 10

What were the results of Gillis and Nafekh?

Answer 10

Those who were on an employment programme were less likely to return to custody, with 70% of those on their scheme successfully completing their conditional release period, vs 55% of those who were unemployed
Median time before reoffending for those on the schemes 37 months, but unemployed was 11 months

Question 11

What was the conclusion of Gillis and Nafekh’s study?

Answer 11

Planned employment on release from prison plays an important role in the rehabilitation and social integration of prisoners, and suggested that more opportunity for employment - based programmes sound be provided

Question 12

What was the IV of Gillis and Nafekh’s study?

Answer 12

Whether they had been on the programme and offenders were matched on a number of variables (gender, risk level, release year, sentence length, family, marital relations and substance abuse)

Question 13

What happened in the planned employment scheme of Canada correctional service?

Answer 13

offenders completed a programme including techniques on how to look for employment, individual psychometric assessments and on-the-job placements

Question 14

What did Gillis and Nafekh do?

Answer 14

Investigated an employment programme of Canada correctional service
Compared two groups of men and women on conditional release
Content analysis from Canada’s offender Management system - data available for 23,525 individuals between January 1998 and January 2005 (95% male, 5% female)

Question 15

What are the circumstances in which the court might give you a conditional sentence?

Answer 15

if the court thinks you’re more likely to stop committing crime than if you go to prison
If it is the first time you have committed a crime
If you have a mental health condition that affects your behaviour

Question 16

In 2017, how many offenders were sentences to a community service and what percentage of total offenders was this?

Answer 16

95,112 - 8% of offenders sentences

Question 17

What are the disadvantages of community sentences?

Answer 17

The public do not view them as a sufficiently harsh response to crime - both victims and offenders view it as having got off lightly
It brings low-level offenders into the formal methods of the criminal justice system at an early stage - may not be able to break away from law breaking as they become know to the police

Question 18

What are the advantages of community sentences?

Answer 18

reduce burden on prisons - can dedicate more more attention to reforming the habits of serious offenders
8.3% more effective than short prison sentences in reducing reoffending rated
Cheaper - costs more than £50,000 a year to keep someone in prison
Helps keep families together - offender able to earn a living to support them
Offender not exposed to prison environment and other criminals which may influence them
Communities can benefit from compulsory unpaid work, e.g. litter picking

Question 19

What was the aim of Haney’s study?

Answer 19

To find out whether it is individuals or the situation that make prisons brutal (test dispositional hypothesis)

Question 20

Where was Haney’s study carried out?

Answer 20

A mock prison built in the basement of the stanford university psychology building

Question 21

Who was the sample of Haney’s study?

Answer 21

24 male, normal, healthy students at the university - they didn’t know each other - they were all caucasian except one ‘oriental’. They were judged to be the most stable, most mature and least involved in anti-social behaviour

Question 22

How were the sample recruited in Haney’s study?

Answer 22

A newspaper advertisement placed asking for male volunteers to take part in a study of ‘Prison life; for $15 a day - 75 potential participants completed questionnaires

Question 23

What was the uniform of the prisoners in Haney’s study?

Answer 23

Loose fitting muslin smocks with their ID number on back and front - no underwear - a light chain and lock worn on one ankle, rubber sandals and a cap made from nylon stocking

Question 24

What was the uniform of the prisoners meant to do?

Answer 24

Deindividuate and humiliate them, emasculation, supression

Question 25

What was the uniform of the guards in Haney’s study?

Answer 25

A khaki shirt and trousers, carried a whistle and police night-stick, reflective sunglasses, making eye contact impossible

Question 26

What was the guard’s uniform designed to do in Haney’s study?

Answer 26

Suggest a military attitude, give them a sense of control and power - denivelation and anonymity

Question 27

What instructions were given to guards in Haney’s study?

Answer 27

maintain a reasonable degree of order within the prison necessary for its effective functioning - told not to let the prisoners escape and not to use physical violence

Question 28

How were the prisoners brought into the prison in Haney’s study?

Answer 28

Arrested at home by real Palo Alto police - handcuffed and blindfolded - guards undressed them and sprayed them down - took their photos

Question 29

How long was Haney’s study supposed to last and how long did it actually?

Answer 29

Two weeks
six days

Question 30

What caused the prisoners’ behaviour in Haney’s study?

Answer 30

a loss of personal identity, the arbitrary control exerted by the guards (learned helplessness), dependency and emasculation

Question 31

What caused the guard’s behaviour in Haney’s study?

Answer 31

Power led to the deterioration - pathology of power
Deindividuation - the behaviour became dictated by their role - a sense of group identity - didn’t feel responsible for their behaviour

Question 32

What was the conclusion in Haney’s study?

Answer 32

Study shows how social roles influence behaviour - implied the structure and organisation of the prison environment which leads to brutal behaviour - especially when the role is as heavily stereotyped as prison guards

Question 33

At what point were the participants asked if they wanted to forfeit the money they had earned so far and leave the study in Haney’s study?

Answer 33

After the 5th prisoner was released - he had developed a psychosomatic rash and experienced severe distress

Question 34

How did the prisoners and guards respond to Haney’s study being terminated?

Answer 34

prisoners were delighted, but guards seemed distressed - none of them had failed to turn up on time to a shift, and on several occasions they voluntarily stayed on duty

Question 35

Why did 5 participants have to be released in Haney’s study?

Answer 35

extreme emotional depression, crying, rage and acute anxiety

Question 36

What happened to the behaviour of the prisoners in Haney’s study?

Answer 36

after an initial revolt on day 2, they became ‘model prisoners’ - they were passive and dependent

Question 37

How did the guards treat the prisoners in Haney’s study?

Answer 37

They were verbally abusive, and essentially acted as puppet masters, telling them what to do and humiliating them - making them clean toilet brushes with their toothbrushes and do pushups

Question 38

What is a real world application for Haney’s study?

Answer 38

Abu Graib