Chaney's study

Question 1

What is compliance in Chaney’s study?

Answer 1

Using the inhaler correctly

Question 2

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 2

Learning as a result of consequences and reinforcement

Question 3

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 3

Rewarding people for positive behaviour - leads to continuation of behaviour

Question 4

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 4

Behaviour is reinforced by avoiding a potential punishment

Question 5

What were the aims in Chaney’s study?

Answer 5

To see if the use of the funhaler increases compliance rates in children
To see if the quality of use is improved with the funhaler

Question 6

How was the sample obtained in Chaney’s study?

Answer 6

They were recruited on a random basis from seven paediatrician or GP clinics

Question 7

What was the sample in Chaney’s study?

Answer 7

32 children from Australia, aged between 1.5 and 6 years.
The mean and median age was 3.2 but 75% of children were above 3
There were 22 boys and 10 girls, with an average duration of having asthma for 2.2 years

Question 8

What research method was used in Chaney’s study?

Answer 8

repeated measures field experiment

Question 9

What was the IV in Chaney’s study?

Answer 9

The use of the Funhaler (they used normal inhalers previous to the study)

Question 10

What was the DV in Chaney’s study?

Answer 10

The questionnaires given to parents, measuring:
The children’s behaviour (how often the children took their medication and any problems they had with the delivery
The attitudes of the parents and children towards the medication

Question 11

What was the operationalised positive reinforcement in Chaney’s study?

Answer 11

The toy ball spins more and the whistle is louder when the child breathes correctly through the inhaler

Question 12

What was the operationalised negative reinforcement in Chaney’s study?

Answer 12

reduces anxiety and stress caused - children and parents know when it is being used correctly because of whistle/ spinning toy

Question 13

What were the conclusions in Chaney’s study?

Answer 13

The funhaler ed to an increase in the use and the correct use of the inhaler
Parents were less likely to give up and resort to a nebuliser when using the funhaler

Question 14

What was the initial data collected (before main study time) in Chaney’s study??

Answer 14

The parents were given a questionnaire about their current inhaler which included a consent form for them to sign

Question 15

What was the data collected during Chaney’s study (main 2 weeks) itself?

Answer 15

At various points during the two weeks, on an ad hoc basis, the parents were contacted and asked if they had used the funhaler on the previous day

Question 16

What were the parents asked to do in Chaney’s study?

Answer 16

Use the funhaler with their child for 2 weeks, and fill out several questionnaires

Question 17

What was the final data collected in Chaney’s study?

Answer 17

At the end of the two weeks, the parents again had to fill out a questionnaire about the behaviour and attitude towards the funhaler of both the children and the parents.

Question 18

In Chaney’s study how did the percentage of parents who always successfully medicated their child change between the old inhaler and the funhaler?

Answer 18

10% with normal inhaler to 73% with the funhaler

Question 19

What percentage of parents disliked the funhaler in Chaney’s study?

Answer 19

0%

Question 20

what percentage of parents were completely happy with the funhaler in Chaney’s study?

Answer 20

61%

Question 21

In Chaney’s study how did the percentage of children who achieved 4 or more breath cycles per delivery change between the old inhaler and the funhaler?

Answer 21

50% with old one to 80% with the funhaler

Question 22

Is Chaney’s study ethnocentric?

Answer 22

Yes, it is very ethnocentric because it is generalisable only to Australian children with asthma

Question 23

How does Chaney’s study relate to the developmental area?

Answer 23

The change in behaviour from the normal inhaler to the fun haler

Question 24

How does Chaney’s study link to the key theme of external influences on children’s behaviour?

Answer 24

Operant conditioning - whistle and ball on funhaler which is positive reinforcement from the environment

Question 25

Why, in terms of ethics, was it better than Chaney used a repeated measures design then an independent measures design?

Answer 25

Because he believed that the funhaler would improve correct use of inhaler, so may improve health of children, so those who didn’t get the funhaler would be disadvantages

Question 26

Did Chaney’s study have Internal reliability?

Answer 26

Yes because the questionnaire was standardised, but no because the participants did it all in their own homes and we have no proof that the questionnaires were filled out honestly.

Question 27

Did Chaney’s study have External reliability?

Answer 27

32- children wasn’t amazing, but also not awful and there wasn’t really a consistent effect.

Question 28

Did Chaney’s study have internal validity?

Answer 28

Not really, it might have been measuring social desirability and there was a lack of control as it was a field experiment
There are also inaccuracies with data - may mean lack of participant’s understanding of questions in their responses

Question 29

Did Chaney’s study have external validity?

Answer 29

Lol pop validity - difficulty to apply to all cultures and other age ranges
high ecological validity - usual setting at home

Question 30

What are the strengths of Chaney’s sample?

Answer 30

Can be generalised to all Australian children of these ages - there was a wide range of ages and as breathing is generalisable

Question 31

What are the weaknesses of Chaney’s sample?

Answer 31

Not that many children in the study and they were Australian children so it was ethnocentric and not necessarily an appropriately sample

Question 32

What is the strength of using a field experiment in Chaney’s study?

Answer 32

means it tested their day-to-day life rather than in a lab - high ecological validity

Question 33

What are the weaknesses of using a field experiment in Chaney’s study?

Answer 33

means that they cant control the use of the funhaler and is difficult to know when /how children behaved
accuracy

Question 34

What are the strengths of using self report in Chaney’s study?

Answer 34

Easy and convenient - very ecologically valid for the participants own environment
Incredibly standardised - qualitative data - comparable

Question 35

What was the strength of using forced choice questions in Chaney’s study?

Answer 35

Quick/easy to collect data for researchers

Question 36

What were the weaknesses of using forced choice questions in Chaney’s study?

Answer 36

Parents might not be certain about what their answers would be
Very open to standard response set answers
no qualitative data - we don’t know why

Question 37

What was the strength of a repeated measures design in Chaney’s study?

Answer 37

Less people in sample so easier for researchers to collect data

Question 38

How has Chaney’s study changed our understanding of external influences on children’s behaviour?

Answer 38

Chaney has added to our understanding by suggesting that children learn through operant conditioning (positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement) and not just through social learning theory

Question 39

How hasn’t Chaney’s study changed our understanding of external influences on children’s behaviour?

Answer 39

We already knew about rewards/operant conditioning from skinner box 1932
Role models/ imitation/learning from Bandura

Question 40

How has Chaney’s study changed our understanding of cultural diversity?

Answer 40

Bandura only used American children in his study while Chaney used Australian children. This adds to our understanding because it suggests that Australian children can be influenced by external influences as much as American children can be

Question 41

How hasn’t Chaney’s study changed our understanding of cultural diversity?

Answer 41

However both studies were conducted in similar western cultures. The findings may not necessarily apply to other cultural values are more varied

Question 42

What are two similarities between Chaney’s and Bandura’s study?

Answer 42

Both focused learning of behaviour in children (children learn through role models (bandura) and children learn through reinforcement (Chaney))
Both studies focused on extrenal influences on behaviour from a behaviourist perspective (focus on social learning theory (Bandura) focus on operant conditioning (Chaney))

Question 43

What are two differences between Chaney’s and Bandura’s study?

Answer 43

they used different research methods (independent groups lab experiment observation (Bandura) They used a repeated measures field experiment self report (Chaney)
What the studies focused on - different areas of behaviourist perspective (Focused on social learning theory (Bandura) looked at operant conditioning (Chaney))