crime - surveillance Flashcards
whats surveillance
monitoring of public behaviour for purposes such as population or crime control. involves observing ppls behaviour to gather data and typically gathering data to regulate or manage their behaviour
what are types of surveillance
cctv - estimated 1bill used worldwide (54% in china), databases, number plate recognitions, etc
foucalt (postmodernist) what does he say about surveillance
the few monitor the many - 2 types of surveillance:
-sovereign power
-disciplinary power
foucalt - whats sovereign power (discipline and punishment)
period before 19th century- monarch had absolute power over ppl and their bodies. control of behaviour was asserted through inflicting physical punishment on the body often done publicy (public executions)
foucalt - whats disciplinary power (discpline and punishment)
became dominant from 19th century when brutal punishment ceased due to barbarity, western society became more civilised. new discipline involved rehabilitation
what does foucalt say about surveillence today
new system governs not just the body but the mind & the soul - disciplinary power replaced sovereign bc surveillance is more effective way of controlling ppl
faucalt disciplinary power - whats the panopticon design
a prison where every prisoner in their cell is seen by the guard in the centre, but the guard isnt visible to the prisoners
what does the panopticon design lead to
prisoners don’t know when theyre being watched and think they may be watched, so they behave all the time as if they are
-Surveillance turns into self surveillance and discipline becomes self discipline
difference between soveregin & discplinary power
sovereign power seeks to simply Crush or violently repress offenders, disciplinary power involves intensively monitoring the individual with a view to rehabilitating them
what other insitutions use discplinary power
dispersal of discpipline - disciplinary power has reached other insitutions e.g mental asylums, schools, factories
what are positive evals of faucalt
useful for the modern era (electronic panopticon) social media is prime contemporary example
what are negative evals of faucalt
the shift from the powers is less clear than he lets on
goffman - not all under surveillance conform under control, ppl able to resist
cctv - panopticism may displace crime
whats synoptic surveillance (theories since faucalt)
mathiesen - faucalt only tells half the story in modern society, prev it was a top down approach (few monitored the many) now the many monitor the many, everyone monitors each other, even the few (synopticon)
how does thompson agree with mathiesen
powerful individuals now fear the media for exposing them & distributing damaging info abt them e.g partygate during lockdown
whats an example of public surveillence, everyone monitoring everyone
video cameras mounted on helmets, dashcams in cars. warn other road users theyr being monitored result them exercisin self-discipline
whats surveillant assemblages
haggerty & ericson - cctv footage can be analysed using facial recognition & we’re moving towards a world where data from diff technologies can be used to create ‘data doubles’ of individuals
whats the new technology of power
feeley & simon - emerging from the actuarial justice & risk management, seen in the justice system but differes from faucalt’s d.p in 3 ways
how does new technology of power differ from faucalt’s dp
-focuses on groups
-not interested in rehabilitation but prevention of offending
-It uses calculations of risk or actuarial analysis e.g risk of young drivers crashing
whats an example of actuarial justice & risk managment
airport screening checks based on known offender risk factors. Using information gathered about passengers (their age, sex, religion and ethnicity) they can be profiled and given a risk score & anyone at high risk is stopped n searched
difference between dp and actuarial justice & rm
The aim of this surveillance is not to correct, treat or rehabilitate, instead it just seems to predict and prevent future offending
what is social sorting & categorical suspension
lyon - categorising ppl according to levels of risk leads to placing entire social groups under categorical suspicion where people are placed under suspicion of wrongdoing because they belong to a particular category or group
whats an example of categorical suspension
2010 west mids police sought to introduce a counter terrorism scheme to surround two mainly Muslim suburbs of Birmingham with about 150 ANPR cameras, placing whole communities under suspicion
whats an issue of actuarial justice
labelling & sfp from official stats - more a group of ppl are labelled or suspected of preconceived crime based on stereotypes , more likely theyll fulfill that judgement
how surveillance is a good form of social control
helps reduce fear of crime, fight terrorism, provides evidence & functionalists would argue it maintains social control
how surveillance is a bad form of social control
marx/fems - oppressive form of social control, limited evidence of it changing behaviour
