crime - globalisation

Question 1

whats the global criminal economy worth

Answer 1

castells - global criminal economy is worth £1trillion per annum (1.5% of the global economy at the time)

Question 2

how does the global criminal economy work

Answer 2

theres a demand side (west) and a supply side (3rd world countries). without a supply side the global economy couldnt survive, provides oppurtunity for criminal activity

Question 3

how does globalisation affect trafficking - arms

Answer 3

castells - increasing volume of the movement of goods allows more oppurtunities to ‘hide’ arms, border control unable to check everything

Question 4

how does globalisation affect trafficking - nuclear materials

Answer 4

increasing volume & ease of movement of goods, esp from former communist countries

Question 5

how does globalisation affect trafficking - example of nuclear materials

Answer 5

former ussr (russia) had an extremely profitably nuclear black market. after its dissolution, nuclear material was proccessed and moved globally

Question 6

how does globalisation affect trafficking - smuggling illegal imigrants

Answer 6

countries exploit illegal immigrants for a low wage, encouraging illegal immigrants. most border work spent proccessing migrants, not watching border for trafficking drugs/migrants taking in drugs

Question 7

how does globalisation affect trafficking - what are the windrush generation (immigrants ao2)

Answer 7

Empire Windrush docked in Essex, in 1948, carrying passengers from the Caribbean to the UK

Question 8

how does globalisation affect trafficking - women and children

Answer 8

women in the sex industry provide cheap labour so easy to exploit as they have no job oppurtunities. children of neglect - causes them to want help s easy to exploit

Question 9

globalisation & trafficking - why did globalisation make trafficking ppl easier

Answer 9

The globalisation of trade and transportation helped as it has become easier and quicker to transport individuals from one place to another & while theres border and passport controls, criminal enterprises are well-versed in exploiting loopholes

Question 10

how does globalisation affect trafficking - percentage of boys, men, girls & women trafficked

Answer 10

51% women, 21% men, 20% girls and 8% boys

Question 11

how has globalisation increased sex tourism

Answer 11

westerners travelling to developing countries for sex sometimes involving minors, increased by technology and cheaper transport

Question 12

how does globalisation affect trafficking - organs

Answer 12

estimated 2,000 organs being trafficked each year in an underground economy Individuals who are unable to access transplant lists or are unwilling to wait for legitimate organs may resort to obtaining organs through this illegal market

Question 13

why do people sell their organs

Answer 13

organized live organ trafficking, where individuals living in severe poverty may sell a kidney, cornea, or another non-vital organ to the illegal market (corneas £25k, kidneys 185k)

Question 14

whats global risk consciousness

Answer 14

we’ve created new risks/insecurities from globalisation (reasons above) e.g migrants fleeing war-striken countries risen anxiety in western countries

Question 15

globalisation, capitalism & crime - whats the marxist perspective

Answer 15

taylor - giving free reign to global market forces has led to greater inequality & rising crime as crime gives money to the gov
transnational coorporations move to low-wage countries

Question 16

patterns of criminal organisation - whats pattern 1

Answer 16

hobbs & dunningham - glocal organisation: criminal activity locally based but with global connections e.g local drug rings import internationally
shift from heriarchal gang structure to oppurtunistic flexible systems

Question 17

patterns of criminal organisation - whats pattern 2

Answer 17

glenny - mcmafia: organisations that emerged in russia in eastern europe following the fall in communism. new russian gov deregulated much of the economy, lead to huge rises in food & rent prices whereas commodity prices (gas, oils) kept at orginal prices (cheaper than world market prices)

Question 18

pattern 2 - what did the commodity prices lead to

Answer 18

those with large funds could buy these cheaply & sell them on the world market. created russias capitalist class (oligarchs)

Question 19

what are evaluations of impact of globalisation on crime

Answer 19

large dependance on secondary sources, hard to investigate, exaggerates significant of globalisation