Crime And Punishment Topic Two - Nature Of Crimes Flashcards
After the Norman conquest what was a criminal defined as
Someone who ‘disturbed the Kings peace’
What was the most common crime in the mediaeval era
Theft which accounted for 73% of all crime
What are the forest laws in the medieval era
Trees could no longer be cut down for fuel or building and anyone who hunted deer was punished
What did the 1351 Treason Act define treason as
Defying authority So not just the king but also the husband as he was the head of the family
What is heresy
Spreading false Christian beliefs which grew in the mediaeval era due to people wanting to read the Bible in English
State examples of rebellions against Royal authority in the mediaeval era
Peasants’ revolt 1381
Jack Cade’s Revolt 1450
Cornish rebellion 1497
In early modern Britain what was the most common cause of crime
Theft which accounted for 75% of all crime
During early modern Britain how was theft expressed
Through vacancy which increased especially in Elizabeth’s reign
In 1560 how many vagrants did Bridewell prison deal with in comparison to 1600
From 69 vagrants to 550 vagrants per year
Why did vagrants turn to crime
Due to insufficient relief for the poor causing vagrants to resort to crime to keep themselves alive
What is a Clapper dudgeon 
They tied arsenic to the skin to gain sympathy while begging
What is a doxy
Female beggar who would walk around and place anything of value in her bag
What is an Abraham man
They pretended to be mad hoping that it would result in charity through pity
Why did heresy increase in early modern Britain
Due to there being no freedom of religion and continuous religious change
During Mary I reign how many heretics did she put to death
283 because they refused to renounce their Protestant faith
What continuity occurred during the 18th and 19th century
Minor crimes remain common
What change occurred during the 18th and 19th century
Smuggling, highway robbery and industrial disorder increased
What is smuggling
Secretly importing or exporting to avoid paying custom duties
Why did smuggling increase During industrial Britain
Excise duty was a tax on domestic consumption which affected tea, beer, salt and water
Custom duties were taxes on imported and exported goods which continued to rise
Demand for smuggled goods was high due to the low price
Insufficient policing made it relatively easy to smuggle goods into the country
How did large gangs operate smuggling organisations
They employed 50 - 100 individuals to help operate along the coast and deal with several cargo loads smuggled each week
Who was the Venturer
The wealthy individual or group of individuals paid for the smuggling operation and then paid again for the profits
Who was the spotsman
The local expert who showed ships where to land smuggled goods without being caught
Who was the lander
The lander organised small boats to get the smuggled goods to shore, they also organised the transport needed on land to carry the goods away
Who was the Tubmen 
The man who did the lifting and carrying of smuggled goods
Who was the batsmen
The batsmen protected the tubmen from Custom officials
How was smuggling attempted to be reduced
The hovering act 1718 made it illegal for vessels smaller than 50 tons to wait within 5 miles of the shore
Act of indemnity 1736 introduced the death penalty for injuring preventative officers and heavy fines were placed on bribery
What caused the decline of smuggling activity
Reduced Duties on items such as tea made items on unprofitable for smugglers
Napoleonic wars gave greater look out on the coast increasing the risk of law enforcers guarding the channel
What are the reasons for increased highway robbery
Lack of law-enforcement meant there was no police force to pursue robber 
Spread of improved roads allowed more people to travel providing a greater opportunity for robbery 
Increased wealth provided a greater reward to robbers
By the 18 century, hand guns were easy to obtain and use
What were the two types of highway robber
Foot pads and highwaymen
What were foot pads 
Thieves who didn’t have horses but specialise in robbing pedestrian travellers
Who were highwaymen
They rode on horses and attacked stagecoaches and travellers on horseback
They operated on roads out of London including Hounslow Heath which connected London to Bath and Exeter
What were the reasons for the decline of highway robbery
Better policing set up horse patrol to stop highwaymen
JP’s refused to allow taverns that were popular among highwaymen to stay open

 what were the Luddites
Stocking farmers used new machinery which replaced and in weavers because they were cheaper despite the lower quality produced
Workers were lost their job joined in protest and destroyed the stocking frames
The machine breakers became known as Luddites and began to attack across the country
In 1813, 17 Luddites were executed
What were the chartist protests
A Movement for Democratic rights who demanded reform of parliament and the granting of the vote to all men over 21 A 20,000 man March occurred in Newport where violence occurred and ended in 8 Chartists being killed
What were the swing riots
When gangs attacked rich farmers property
Protesters were agricultural labourers who angered the increasing use of machinery and low wages
During the riots there were 316 cases of arson and 390 attacks on threshing machines
What changed in modern Britain
Advances in technology and transport introduce new crime such as motoring offences cyber crime and terrorism
How was transport crimes reduced
The locomotive Act speed limits and safety procedures for self-propelled cars
The Ministry of transport set new legal requirements including the driving test in 1935 to reduce the number of deaths per year to 6500 people
What were the types of motoring crimes in modern Britain
Theft of cars
carjacking
joyriding
Why did theft of cars occur
Due to poor looks which allow criminals to steal possessions or drive the car away
In 1996 how many cars were stolen in the UK
500,000
What is carjacking
When the driver bumped into a car they planned to steal forcing the driver to get out the car and drive the car off
What is joyriding
Driving without the consent of the owner
How many cases of joy riding are reported each year
10,000
How many people are killed each year by drink-driving collisions
3000
What are computer viruses
Damage information held onto computers to crash the system
What is hacking
Gaining unauthorised access to the information of an individual
What are the methods used by terrorists
Hijacking
assassination
bombing
hostagetaking
What were the troubles
When the IRA use violence to try and end British rule in Northern Ireland
How many people died as a result of the troubles
3500 people in Northern Ireland
What did IRA do in 1974
Planted bombs into public houses in Birmingham which killed 19 people
What ended the troubles
The Good Friday agreement in 1998
What Islamic terrorist attack occurred in 2007
A jeep loaded with propane gas canisters drove into Glasgow Airport and set ablaze killing five people
What Islamic terrorist attack occurred in 2013
Two Islamic extremists Brutally attacked And killed an off-duty soldier outside Woolwich barracks
