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809 - Exam 1 > Craniofacial Development Part 1 - Dr. BC > Flashcards

Craniofacial Development Part 1 - Dr. BC Flashcards

1
Q

Major components of the craniofacial growth are (7 things)

A

neural tissue
muscle
tonsils/adenoids
cartilage
bone
sutures
functioning spaces (ex: airway, GI tract)

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2
Q

the cranium develops from ________ , beginning in week ____-

A

mesenchyme

5

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3
Q

mesenchyme develops from _______ and ________-

A

neural crest cells

mesoderm

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4
Q

the developing cranium consists of 2 parts, what are they

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium

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5
Q

the neurocranium is the bony case that encloses the

A

brain

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6
Q

the neurocranium is subdivided into what 2 parts

A

a cartilaginous part and a membranous part

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7
Q

the cartilaginous part of the neurocranium forms the

A

cranial base

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8
Q

the membranous part of the neurocranium forms the

A

cranial vault

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9
Q

the membranous cranial vault is made of flat bones forming the

A

calvaria

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10
Q

the neurocranium is derived from mesoderm from _______ and _______

A

somites and ecto-mesenchyme

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11
Q

the neurocranium is derived from neural crest cells in ____________

A

pharyngeal arches

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12
Q

the viscerocranium is the facial skeleton that is derived from ____________ from ___________ in ___________

A

ecto-mesenchyme

neural crest cells

pharyngeal arches

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13
Q

neural crest cells are a vulnerable populations as they leave the

A

neuroectoderm

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14
Q

The cartilaginous neurocranium/chondrocranium of the skull initially consists of a number of separate__________

A

cartilages

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15
Q

The cartilages that lie in front of notochord, which ends in the center of the ___________, are derived from ___________

A

sella turcica

neural crest cells

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16
Q

the cartilages that lie posterior to the notochord arise from ________________ formed by ____________

A

occipital somites

paraxial mesoderm

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17
Q

The base of the skull is formed when these cartilages fuse and ossify by ______________ in the ______ period

A

endochondral ossification

fetal

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18
Q

The ossification pattern of these bones has a definite sequence _______ to ________, beginning with the ________ bone, followed by _________, and then ________ bone

A

anterior to posterior

occipital

sphenoid

ethmoid

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19
Q

the membranous neurocranium consists of ______ bones

A

flat

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20
Q

the membranous neurocranium has paired ______ and _______ bones ; part of _______ bone

A

frontal

parietal

occipital

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21
Q

The membranous portion of the skull is derived from ___________ and _________ mesoderm

A

neural crest cells

paraxial

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22
Q

Mesenchyme from neural crest cells and paraxial mesoderm invests the brain and undergoes

A

intramembranous ossification

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23
Q

the result of intramembranous ossification results in the formation of a number of

A

flat, membranous bones

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24
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs in the ______ mesenchyme at the sides and top of the brain, forming the________

A

head

calvaria (skullcap)

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25
Q

During fetal life, the flat bones of the calvaria are separated by

A

dense connective tissue membranes

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26
Q

During fetal life, the flat bones of the calvaria are separated by dense connective tissue membranes that form

A

fibrous joints, thesutures of calvaria

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27
Q

Six _____________ are found where several sutures meet

A

large fibrous areas (fontanelles)

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28
Q

The softness of the bones and their loose connections at the sutures enable the _______ to undergo changes of

A

calvaria

shape during birth (molding)

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29
Q

After recovering from molding during birth, the neonate’s cranium is ______, and its bones are ______

A

round

thin

30
Q

The fibrous sutures of the neonate’s calvaria permit the brain to ________ during infancy and childhood

A

enlarge

31
Q

Because of growth of the surrounding bones, the ________ and ______ fontanelles disappear within 2 to 3 months after birth, but they remain as sutures for several years

A

posterior

sphenoid

32
Q

The ________ fontanelles disappear by the end of the first year, and the ________ fontanelle disappears by the end of the second year

A

mastoid

anterior

33
Q

asymmetry in the shape of a baby’s skull

A

positional plagiocephaly

34
Q

a symmetrical central flattening at the back of the head

A

brachycephaly

35
Q

when one or more of the sutures closes too early

A

craniosynostosis

36
Q

craniosynostosis can limit or slow the growth of the baby’s

A

brain

37
Q

absence of a majority of the scalp, skull, and brain

A

anencephaly

38
Q

traditional theory of anencephaly

A

failure of the anterior neuropore to close

39
Q

alternative theory for anencephaly

A

primary defect in the formation of the cranial vault and its coverings with 2 degree degeneration of the cranial neural contents

40
Q

anencephaly occurs no later than day _____ of development

A

24

41
Q

anencephaly most commonly involves the ________ and variable amounts of ______ brainstem

A

forebrain

rostral

42
Q

a sac-like protrusion or projection of the brain and its coverings through an opening in the skull

A

encephalocele

43
Q

neural tissue is often normal in

A

encephalocele

44
Q

traditional theory of encephalocele

A

disorder of primary neurulation of the anterior neural tube

45
Q

alternative theory of encephalocele

A

developmental disorder of cranial mesoderm in which a cystic extra cranial extension of meninges, neural tissue, and CSF extend through the bony defect

46
Q

encephalocele occurs no later than ____ days of development or shortly thereafter for the most severe lesions

A

24

47
Q

The first sign of skeletal development is an _______ density in the ________ in the _______ fetal month

A

increased

ectomesenchyme

2nd

48
Q

The first sign of skeletal development is an increased density in the ectomesenchyme in the 2nd fetal month, which differentiates into a _______ called the _________,

A

hyaline cartilage skeleton

chondrocranium

49
Q

The first sign of skeletal development is an increased density in the ectomesenchyme in the 2nd fetal month, which differentiates into a hyaline cartilage skeleton, the chondrocranium, mainly comprising the __________ part of the _________ and the ________

A

anterior

cranial base

nasal capsule

50
Q

The viscerocranium is formed mainly from what arches

A

first 2 pharyngeal arches

51
Q

Most mesenchyme in the head region is derived from the

A

neural crest (ectomesenchyme)

52
Q

Neural crest cells migrate into the ________ and form the bones and connective tissue of_________

A

pharyngeal arches

craniofacial structures

53
Q

as the neural folds fuse to form the neural tube, neuroectodermal cells form __________ between the _________ and ________

A

neural crest cells

surface ectoderm

neural tube

54
Q

neural crest cells form _______ and _______ cells of the sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous system

A

neurons

glial

55
Q

neural crest cells form epinephrine producing cells called _________ of the _________ gland

A

medulla

adrenal (suprarenal)

56
Q

neural crest cells form _________ of the epidermis

A

pigment-containing cells

57
Q

neural crest cells form many of the ________ and __________ components of the head

A

skeletal and connective tissue

58
Q

the first arch gives rise to a

A

maxillary process

59
Q

The first arch gives rise to a maxillary process, which extends _______ beneath the region of the ______

A

forward

eye

60
Q

First arch neural crest ossify by intramembranous ossification to form what 3 things

A

maxilla

zygomatic bone

squamous part of the temporal bone

61
Q

The first arch also gives rise to a _______ process, which contains the __________

A

mandibular

Meckel cartilage

62
Q

Mesenchyme around the Meckel cartilage condenses and ossifies by _________ ossification to give rise to the ___________

A

intramembranous

body of the mandible

63
Q

The Meckel cartilage disappears except in the

A

phenomandibularligament

64
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

replacement of calcified cartilage by osseous tissue

65
Q

Some endochondral ossification occurs in what 4 places

A

condylar head

coronoid process

angle of the mandible

mental protuberance

66
Q

The _________ tip of the mandibular process of arch 1 gives rise to the

A

dorsal

malleus and incus middle ear bones (ossicles)

67
Q

The 2nd arch gives rise to the ___________ and the ___________

A

stapes middle ear bone (ossicle)

styloid process of the temporal bone

68
Q

Ossification of the three ossicles begins in the _________ month, making these the ________ bones to become fully ossified

A

4th

1st

69
Q

Mesenchyme for formation of the bones of the face is derived from _______ , including the ________ and ________ bones

A

neural crest cells

nasal

lacrimal

70
Q

forebrain fails to develop into 2 hemispheres

A

holoprosencephaly

71
Q

most severe form of holoprosencephaly is when the forebrain is _______ and lateral ventricles often merge to form ___________

A

small

1 large ventricle

72
Q
A

809 - Exam 1 (8 decks)

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