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Head and Neck > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory

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2
Q

What is the path of CNI?

A

Olfactory nerves from roof of nasal cavity

Pass through cribiform foramina in the olfactory plate

Olfacroy bulb

Olfactory tract

Temporal lobe

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3
Q

What is the role of CNI?

A

Special sensory

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4
Q

What is the function of CNI?

A

Olfaction

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5
Q

How is CNI tested?

A

Ask about sense of smell

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6
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Loss of sense of smell

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7
Q

What is CNII?

A

Optic

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8
Q

What is the path of CNII?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

Axons form optic nerve

Exit orbit via optic canal

Fibres cross and merge at optic chiasm

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9
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

Carries sensory fibres from one eye

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10
Q

What is the optic tract?

A

Contains sensory information from part of right and left eyes

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11
Q

What is the role of CNII?

A

Special sensory

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12
Q

What is the function of CNII?

A

Impulses generated in response to light - perceived as vision in primary visual cortex

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13
Q

How is CNII tested?

A

Visual acuity using Snellen chart
Visual fields
Pupillary responses

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14
Q

How can CNII be visualised?

A

Opthalmoscope

- seen as optic disc

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15
Q

Where do CNI and CNII originate from?

A

Forebrain

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16
Q

Where do CNIII and CNIV originate from?

A

Midbrain

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17
Q

What is CNIII?

A

Occulomotor

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18
Q

What is the path of CNIII?

A

Midbrain

Lateral wall of cavernous sinus

Superior orbital fissure

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19
Q

What is the role of CNIII?

A

Motor

Autonomic - carries parasympathetic fibres

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20
Q

What is the motor function of CNIII?

A

Innervates extra-ocular muscles

Innervates muscle of eyelid

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21
Q

What is the autonomic function of CNIII?

A

Innervates sphincter pupillae

Innervates ciliary muscle

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22
Q

What is the clinical relevance of CNIII?

A

Vulnerable to compression by raised ICP between tentorium cerebelli and temporal lobe
- sign = blown pupil

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23
Q

How is CNIII tested?

A

Inspecting eyelids and pupil size
Testing eye movements
Testing pupillary reflexes

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24
Q

What is a sign of CNIII pathology?

A

Pupillary dilation

‘Down and out’ position + ptosis

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25
Q

What causes ‘down and out’ position of CNIII?

A

Unopposed action of CNIV and CNVI

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26
Q

What can cause pathology of CNIII?

A

Raised ICP
Aneurysm of PCA
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Vascular (secondary to diabetes/HTN)

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27
Q

What is CNIV?

A

Trochlear

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28
Q

What is the path of CNIV?

A

Midbrain

Cavernous sinus

Superior orbital fissure

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29
Q

What is the role of CNIV?

A

Motor

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30
Q

What is the optic tract?

A

Contains sensory information from part of right and left eyes

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31
Q

What is the role of CNII?

A

Special sensory

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32
Q

What is the function of CNII?

A

Impulses generated in response to light - perceived as vision in primary visual cortex

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33
Q

How is CNII tested?

A

Visual acuity using Snellen chart
Visual fields
Pupillary responses

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34
Q

How can CNII be visualised?

A

Opthalmoscope

- seen as optic disc

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35
Q

Where do CNI and CNII originate from?

A

Forebrain

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36
Q

Where do CNIII and CNIV originate from?

A

Midbrain

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37
Q

What is CNIII?

A

Occulomotor

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38
Q

What is the path of CNIII?

A

Midbrain

Lateral wall of cavernous sinus

Superior orbital fissure

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39
Q

What is the role of CNIII?

A

Motor

Autonomic - carries parasympathetic fibres

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40
Q

What is the motor function of CNIII?

A

Innervates extra-ocular muscles

Innervates muscle of eyelid

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41
Q

What is the autonomic function of CNIII?

A

Innervates sphincter pupillae

Innervates ciliary muscle

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42
Q

What is the clinical relevance of CNIII?

A

Vulnerable to compression by raised ICP between tentorium cerebelli and temporal lobe
- sign = blown pupil

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43
Q

How is CNIII tested?

A

Inspecting eyelids and pupil size
Testing eye movements
Testing pupillary reflexes

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44
Q

What is a sign of CNIII pathology?

A

Pupillary dilation

‘Down and out’ position + ptosis

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45
Q

What causes ‘down and out’ position of CNIII?

A

Unopposed action of CNIV and CNVI

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46
Q

What can cause pathology of CNIII?

A

Raised ICP
Aneurysm of PCA
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Vascular (secondary to diabetes/HTN)

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47
Q

What is CNIV?

A

Trochlear

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48
Q

What is the path of CNIV?

A

Midbrain

Cavernous sinus

Superior orbital fissure

49
Q

What is the role of CNIV?

A

Motor

50
Q

What is the function of CNIV?

A

Innervates superior oblique

51
Q

How is CNIV tested?

A

Eye movements

52
Q

Where do CNV and CNVI originate from?

A

Pons

53
Q

What is CNV?

A

Trigeminal

54
Q

What are the branches of CNV?

A

Va = ophthalmic

Vb = maxillary

Vc = mandibular

55
Q

What is the path of CNVa?

A

Pons

Trigeminal ganglion

Cavernous sinus

Superior orbital fissure

Orbit

56
Q

What is the path of CNVb?

A

Pons

Trigeminal ganglion

Cavernous sinus

Foramen rotundum

Pterygopalatine fossa

57
Q

What is the path of CNVc?

A

Pons

Trigeminal ganglion

Foramen ovale

Infratemporal fossa

58
Q

What is the role of CNV?

A

General sensory

Motor

59
Q

What is the general sensory function of CNV?

A 
Skin of face
Scalp
Paranasal air sinuses
Nasal cavity 
Oral cavity 
Anterior tongue
Meninges
60
Q

What is the motor sensation of CNV?

A

Muscles of mastication - Vc

61
Q

How is CNV tested?

A

Sensation in dermatomes
Corneal reflex
Muscles of mastication

62
Q

What are the branches of CNVb?

A

Infraorbital nerve

Superior alveolar nerve

63
Q

Where does the infraorbital nerve lie?

A

Through floor of orbit - susceptible to orbital floor fractures

64
Q

What does the infraorbital nerve supply?

A

Sensory from cheek and lower eyelid

65
Q

What is the role of the superior alveolar nerve?

A

Carries sensory fibres from upper teeth and gums

66
Q

How is CNVII tested?

A

Muscles of facial expression

Corneal reflex

67
Q

Where does the inferior alveolar nerve lie?

A

Runs through bony canal in mandible exiting as the mental nerve - susceptible in mandibular fractures

68
Q

What is the role of the inferior alveolar nerve?

A

Sensory from mental protuberance, lower lip and gum

69
Q

What is the role of the lingual nerve?

A

General sensory from anterior tongue

70
Q

What is the role of auriculotemporal nerve?

A

General sensory from part of ear, temple area, scalp and TMJ

71
Q

What is CNVI?

A

Abducens

72
Q

What is the path of CNVI?

A

Lower pons

Runs upwards into cavernous sinus

Superior orbital fissure

73
Q

What is the role of CNVI?

A

Motor

74
Q

What is the function of CNVI?

A

Innervates lateral rectus muscle

75
Q

How is CNVI tested?

A

Eye movements

76
Q

Where do CNVII and CNVIII originate from?

A

Pons

77
Q

What is CNVII?

A

Facial

78
Q

What is the path of CNVII?

A

Pons

Enters petrous bone via internal acoustic meatus

Gives off

  • greater petrosal nerve
  • chorda tympani
  • nerve to stapedius

Exits base of skull via stylomastoid foramen

79
Q

What are the branches of CNVII?

A 
Frontal
Zygomatic 
Buccal 
Mandibular 
Cervical
80
Q

What is the role of CNVII?

A

Special sensory
Autonomic
Motor
General sensory

81
Q

What is the special sensory function of CNVII?

A

Taste in anterior 2/3 tongue

82
Q

What is the autonomic function of CNVII?

A

Parasympathetic from

  • lacrimal glands
  • mucosal glands
  • salivary glands
83
Q

What is the motor function of CNVII?

A

Muscles of facial expression

Stapedius

84
Q

What is the general sensory function of CNVII?

A

Small area of external area

85
Q

What is CNVIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear

86
Q

What are the general sensory functions of CNX?

A

Lower pharynx

Larynx

87
Q

What is the role of CNVIII?

A

Special sensory

88
Q

What is the function of CNVIII?

A

Hearing and balance

89
Q

How is CNVIII tested?

A

Hearing test
Weber’s + Rinne’s
Balance test

90
Q

What is presbyacusis?

A

Old-age related hearing loss

91
Q

What is an acoustic neuroma?

A

Benign tumour involving vestibulocochlear nerve
- tumour of schwann cells

Symptoms

  • unilateral hearing loss
  • tinnitus
  • vertigo
  • numbness/pain down one side of face
92
Q

Where do CNIX and CNX originate from?

A

Medulla

93
Q

What is CNIX?

A

Glossopharyngeal

94
Q

What is the path of CNIX?

A

Medulla

Tympanic branch

Carotid body

95
Q

What is the role of CNIX?

A

General sensation
Special sensory
Autonomic
Motor

96
Q

What is the general sensory function of CNIX?

A

Tonsils + oropharynx
Middle ear + tympanic membrane
Carotid body + sinus

97
Q

What is the special sensory function of CNIX?

A

Taste poster 1/3 tongue

98
Q

What is the autonomic function of CNIX?

A

Parasympathetic to parotid gland

99
Q

What is the motor function of CNIX?

A

Innervates stylopharyngeus

100
Q

How is CNIX tested?

A

Gag reflex

Tested with CNX

101
Q

What is CNX?

A

Vagus

102
Q

What is the path of CNX?

A

Medulla

Jugular foramen

Carotid sheath

Through neck into thorax + abdomen

103
Q

What is the role of CNX?

A

General sensory
Motor
Autonomic

104
Q

What are the motor functions of CNX?

A

Muscles of soft palate
Muscles of pharynx
Muscles of larynx

105
Q

What are the autonomic functions of CNX?

A

Parasympathetic to thoracic and abdominal viscera

106
Q

How is CNX tested?

A

Test speech, cough and swallow

Gag reflex

107
Q

Where do CNXI and CNXII originate from?

A

Medulla

108
Q

What is CNXI?

A

Spinal accessory

109
Q

What is the path of CNXI?

A

Medulla

Emerges through jugular foramen

Passes deep to SCM and gives off motor supply

Runs posterolaterally across posterior triangle

Enters deep to trapezius

110
Q

What is the role of CNXI?

A

Motor

111
Q

What is the function of CNXI?

A

Motor to SCM and trapezius

112
Q

How is CNXI tested?

A

Shrug shoulders against resistance - trapezius

Turn head against resistance - SCM

113
Q

What is CNXII?

A

Hypoglossal

114
Q

What is the path of CNXII?

A

Medulla

Exits via hypoglossal canal

Passes medial to angle of mandible

Crosses internal and external carotid arteries

115
Q

What is the role of CNXII?

A

Motor

116
Q

What is the function of CNXII?

A

Innervates muscles of tongue

117
Q

How is CNXII tested?

A

Inspection and movements of tongue

118
Q

What occurs with damage to CNXII?

A

Weakness and atrophy to tongue muscles on ipsilateral side

Head and Neck (20 decks)

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