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PGA > cranial nerves > Flashcards

cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

how many peripheral nerves that originate from the brain and brainstem,
numbered along longitudinal axis

A

12

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2
Q

cranial nerves

A

Travel out of skull through foramina
* Have nuclei in cerebrum & brainstem
* CN I and II – forebrain
* CN III – XII from the brainstem

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3
Q

Mostly provide innervation of the head and neck
* Somatic and visceral innervation
* Include parasympathetic but NOT sympathetic innervation
* Special sensory innervation
* Vision, smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium

A

cranial nerves

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4
Q

primary function of CN I Olfactory Nerve

A

special sensory smell

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5
Q

Special Afferent fibers (SA)
* Attached to cerebrum
* Olfactory tracts travel to cerebral
cortex, hypothalamus & limbic
system

A

CN I Olfactory nerve

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6
Q

Olfactory bulbs innervated by other brain
nuclei cause

A

central adaptation

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7
Q

rapid neuron replacement (unusual)

A

CN I Olfactory nerve

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8
Q
  • Damage to the olfactory nerve (I) can cause an
    inability to smell anosmia, a distortion in the
    sense of smell
A

parosmia, or a distortion or lack
of taste

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9
Q

primary function of CN II Optic nerve

A

special sensory (vision)

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9
Q
  • CN I is usually evaluated only after head trauma, when lesions of the
    anterior fossa (eg, meningioma) are suspected or patients report
    abnormal
A

smell or taste

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10
Q

Special Afferent fibers (SA)
* Optic nerves connect the retina
to the optic chiasm

A

Only fibers from the medial side
of the retina (sees peripheral
vision) decussate at the optic
chiasm to the other side of the
brain

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11
Q

injury to CN II optic nerve may impact

A

visual acuity & visual fields
* Injury may impair ability to see objects on left
or right side

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12
Q

Optic chiasm lesions cause _______

A

type of partial blindness where
vision is missing in the outer half of both the
right and left visual field

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13
Q

Inflammation (optic neuritis) may impact the

A

sharpness of vision or color detection

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14
Q

Color vision tested using

A

Ishihara plates

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15
Q

CN III Oculomotor Nerve primary function

A

motor (eye movements)

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16
Q

General somatic efferent (GSA)
* Innervates 4 out of 6 extrinsic ______

A

eye muscles
& levator palpebrae superioris (upper
eyelid)

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17
Q

Autonomic nerves travel to _______
and control intrinsic eye muscles - pupil
diameter & lens shape to focus light on

A

ciliary ganglion

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18
Q

Intrinsic Eye Muscles
* Ciliary muscle(lens)
* Sphincter pupillae

  • Dilator pupillae
A

parasympathetic
parasympathetic
sympathetic

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19
Q

CN IV Trochlear Nerve
* Innervates superior oblique
extrinsic muscle of the eye

A

General somatic efferent (GSA)

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20
Q

Testing of CN III Oculomotor Nerve

damage can cause

A

double vision and
inability to coordinate the movements of
both eyes (strabismus), eyelid drooping
(ptosis) and pupil dilation (mydriasis).
* May tilt head to accommodate

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21
Q

CN VI Abducens Nerve

innervates ____

A

lateral rectus
extrinsic muscle of the eye
* Abducts the eye

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21
Q

The ability of the eye to look
down and inwards is
controlled by the

A

trochlear nerve (IV)

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22
Q

CN VI Abducens Nerve
function?

A

motor (eye movements)
general somatic efferent (GSA)

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23
Q

Oculomotor (III), Trochlea
(IV) & Abducens (VI)
nerves all pass through

A

superior orbital fissure of skull

24
Q

Testing CN III, IV & VI

A

the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens are all involved in eye movements

25
Q

CN V Trigeminal Nerve
primary function

A

Mixed (sensory and
motor to face)
* General somatic
afferent (GSA) &
Special visceral
afferent (SVA

25
Q

testing CN III,IV and VI

A

Test eye movement - follow your finger with their eyes

26
Q

3 branches of CN V Trigeminal nerve

A

3 branches:
1. Ophthalmic
2. Maxillary
3. Mandibular

27
Q

CN V Trigeminal Nerve

A

V1: Ophthalmic branch: Sensory

V2: Maxillary branch: Sensory

V3: Mandibular branch: Mixed

28
Q

V1: Ophthalmic branch: Sensory

A

V1: Ophthalmic branch: Sensory
Orbital structures, cornea, skin of forehead, nasal cavity,
upper eyelid, eyebrow & part of nose

29
Q

V2: Maxillary branch: Sensory

A

Lower eyelid, gums, upper lip, cheek, teeth, nose, palate
& pharynx

30
Q

V3: Mandibular branch: Mixed

A

Sensory – teeth, lips, lower gums
Motor – muscles of mastication (chewing)

31
Q

Injury & Testing of CN V Trigeminal Nerve

A

Testing
* Corneal reflex
* Facial sensitivity
* Jaw motor strength

32
Q

pain in areas innervated by
maxillary and mandibular branches

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia (tic doulouroux) =

33
Q

primary function of CN VII facial nerve

A

Mixed (sensory and motor to face)
* General somatic afferent (GSA) Special afferent (SA), General visceral efferent
(GVE) & Special visceral efferent (SVE

34
Q

CN VII Facial Nerve

A

5 branches

35
Q

CN VII Facial nerve

A

Sensory –
* Proprioception of facial muscles
* Pressure on face
* Special Sensory – Taste anterior 2/3 of tongue

36
Q

Motor –
* Somatic – facial expression
* Visceral – tear ducts, salivary glands, nasal mucous glands – Autonomic – parasympathetic
Intracranial and extracranial branches
Travels through parotid gland

A

CN VII facial nerve

37
Q

innervate lacrimal glands (tears), nasal
cavity & pharynx

A

Pterygopalantine ganglia

37
Q

CN VII Facial Nerve – Autonomic Ganglia
* Facial nerves carry pre-ganglionic autonomic fibers to autonomic
ganglia

A

parasympathetic

38
Q

innervate submandibular & sublingual
salivary glands

A

Submandibular ganglia

39
Q

Primary Function: Special sensory
* Special afferent (SA)
* Vestibular branch: Balance & Equilibrium
* Cochlear branch: Hearing
Testing
* Balance & hearing

A

CN VIII Vestibulocohlear nerve

40
Q

Inflammation of a Facial Nerve from viral infection
* Temporary paralysis on one side of face, loss of taste
Testing
* Facial expression

A

CN VII Facial Nerve – Bell’s Palsy

41
Q

Primary Function: Mixed (sensory & motor)
* General Somatic afferent (GSA), General visceral afferent (GVA), Special
afferent (SA) & General somatic efferent (GSE) General visceral efferent
(GVE

A

CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve

42
Q

Sensory – general sensory palate
* special sensory taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue
* Visceral sensory: Monitors blood pressure and dissolved gas concentration by
receptors in carotid artery

A

CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve

43
Q

Motor
* Somatic – muscles of swallowing
* Visceral – parotid salivary glands – autonomic via Otic ganglia

A

CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve

44
Q

Testing
Gag reflex – touch arches of pharynx

A

CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve

45
Q

CN X Vagus Nerve

A

Primary Function: Mixed (sensory & motor)
* General Somatic afferent (GSA), General
visceral afferent (GVA), Special afferent (SA) &
General somatic efferent (GSE) General
visceral efferent (GVE)

46
Q

Motor: Pharynx, larynx, vocal cords
* preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to
heart smooth muscles, small intestines &
gland

A

CN X Vagus Nerve

47
Q

Sensory: Somatic sensory information from
diaphragm
* Visceral sensory information from abdominal
tract & respiratory tract

A

CN X Vagus nerve

testing problems swallowing

48
Q

CN XI Accessory Nerve

A

AKA – Spinoaccessory
nerves
* Somatic Motor only
* Internal branch –
swallowing &
muscles of vocal
cords
* External branch –
muscles of neck &
back
* Not really a cranial
nerve because originates from spinal cord

48
Q

CN XI Accessory Nerve
primary function

A

Motor
muscles of neck & back
* General somatic efferent
(GSE)
* Supplies the
sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius muscles. Damage
to the nerve may cause
a winged scapula

49
Q

CN XII Hypoglossal Nerve
primary function

A

Motor – tongue
muscles
* General somatic efferent (GSE)
* Intrinsic originate outside & insert on
tongue
* Extrinsic muscles within tongue

50
Q
  • A damaged hypoglossal nerve will result
    in an inability to stick the tongue out
    straight; here seen in an injury resulting
    from
A

surgery

51
Q

know autonomic ganglia parasympathetic

A

slide 36

52
Q

Sympathetics to Head * Do NOT originate from cranial nerves
* Originate from upper thoracic segments
* Ascend sympathetic chain to

A

cervical
ganglia (upper, middle & lower cervical
ganglia) and synapse

53
Q

Post-ganglionics distribute via

A

gray rami
communicans to skin or along arterial
branches/cranial nerves to internal
structures

54
Q

what is horners syndrome

A

damage to
sympathetic nerves in cervical region

55
Q

look at slide 38 cranial nerves

A
56
Q

Cranial nerves are classified by primary functions
* May also have important secondary functions
* 6 cranial nerves associated with eye function

A
57
Q

Mnemonic for Cranial Nerves

A

Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are
Heavenl

PGA (9 decks)

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