Coun 201

Question 1

Accommodation

Answer 1

• Modification of internal cognition to fit a changing reality
• Social adjustment
• Creates a new schema or significantly alters existing one

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

Take in, absorb, or incorporate a new culture or stimulus as one’s own

Question 3

Emic

Answer 3

Specific / Individual

Question 4

Etic

Answer 4

Universal

Question 5

Acculturation

Answer 5

Adoption of another culture as one’s own

Question 6

Institutional Racism

Answer 6

Forms of racism which are embedded in the structure of political and social institutions

Question 7

Ethnic Identity

Answer 7

Ethnic group with which a person identifies

Question 8

Intra-Ethnic

Answer 8

Among members of the same race

Ex: Black vs. Black / White vs. White

Question 9

Inter-Ethnic

Answer 9

Among members of different races

Ex: Black vs. White

Question 10

African-American Racial Identity Development Model

Cross, 1991

Answer 10

1) Pre-encounter – Whites are seen as ideal while African-Americans are denigrated
2) Encounter – Exposure to a race-related event leads to greater cultural awareness and an interest in African-American identity
3) Immersion/Emersion – Struggles between old and emerging ideas about race.
4) Internalization/Commitment – Adopts an African-American world view and works to end racism.

Question 11

White Racial Identity Development Model

Janet Helms

Answer 11

Contact – satisfaction with racial status quo, obliviousness to racism and one’s participation in it.

1) Disintegration – disorientation and anxiety provoked by irresolvable racial moral dilemmas that force one to choose between own-group loyalty and humanism.
2) Reintegration – idealization of one’s socioracial group, denigration, and intolerance for other groups.
3) Pseudoindependence – intellectualized commitment to one’s own socioracial group and deceptive tolerance of other groups.
4) Immersion/Emersion – search for an understanding of the personal meaning of racism and the ways by which one benefits and a redefinition of Whiteness.
5) Autonomy – informed positive socioracial group commitment, use of internal standards for self-definition, capacity to relinquish the privileges of racism.

Question 12

James Fowler

Stages of Faith

Answer 12

(Pre) Undifferentiated Faith: birth to 2 years – A pre-stage where infants have faith in and through their caregivers
•Intuitive-Projective Faith: 2-7 years – Pre-operational/self-centered, imaginative, fantasy, obedience
•Mythic-Literal Faith: 8-18 years (some adults stay here indefinitely) – Literal belief in Bible stories and concrete operational rules
•Synthetic-Conventional Faith: 18+ years (young adulthood) – Integrating, synthesizing, or combining aspects of faith from family, church, work, school,
•Individuative-Projective Faith: Adults (few) – Personal reflection, introspective, stepping outside of our social and relational constructs, comparative religion, basic morality, exploration, etc.
•Conjunctive Faith: Middle Adulthood (few) – Generativity, rights of all individuals regardless of race, religion, etc., transcends negative attitudes, prejudices, or emotions toward others
•Universalizing Faith: Very Few Adults – Universal love and compassion for all; e.g. Gandhi, Mother Theresa, Jesus, etc.

Question 13

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model

Answer 13

Stage 1 – Conformity
Stage 2 – Dissonance and appreciating
Stage 3 – Resistance and immersion
Stage 4 – Introspection
Stage 5 – Integrative Awareness