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CMS-A > Cote d'Or (General) > Flashcards

Cote d'Or (General) Flashcards

1
Q

The Cote d’Or extends roughly ___km from the outskirts of ________ southward through the 3 small communes of ___________.

A

60km

Dijon - Les Maranges

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2
Q

The width of the Cote d’Or grows slimmest between these 2 communes (the dividing line between the Cote de Nuits and Cote de Beaune).

A

Corgoloin - Ladoix-Serrigny

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3
Q

Regional capital of the Cote d’Or

A

Dijon

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4
Q

The commercial center for wine trade in the Cote d’Or

A

Beaune

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5
Q

In what dept is Cote Chalonnaise?

A

Saone-et-Loire

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6
Q

What is the capital of Saone-et-Loire?

A

Macon

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7
Q

What is considered the most emblematic site of Saone-et-Loire?

A

La Roche de la Solutre

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8
Q

What departement is the majority of Beaujolais in?

A

Rhone dept

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9
Q

The wettest month in Burgundy

A

May

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10
Q

T/F: During summer Burgundy is often warmer than many new world pinot noir & chardonnay regions.

A

True

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11
Q

What is the average temp in July-Aug in Burgundy?

A

68

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12
Q

The 47th parallel runs through what Burgundian town?

A

Volnay

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13
Q

Gamay is a sibling of chardonnay and a progeny of ________ x ________.

A

Pinot x gouais blanc

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14
Q

The second most important white variety in Burgundy:

A

Aligote

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15
Q

Aligote is bottled varietally in this commune:

A

Bouzeron (Cote Chalonnaise)

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16
Q

Pinot blanc is a home to what region?

A

Burgundy

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17
Q

T/F: Pinot blanc is frequently permitted in Burgundy Grand Cru.

A

True

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18
Q

This AOP allows Gamay in reds, inexpensive white blends and inexpensive rose blends.

A

Coteaux Bourguignons AOP

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19
Q

The ‘high slopes’ of Cote de Nuits or Cote de Beaune:

A

Hautes Cotes de Nuits/Beaune

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20
Q

Kir ingredients

A

Creme de Cassis & Bourgogne Aligote AOP

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21
Q

What year was Cremant de Bourgogne established?

A

1975

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22
Q

T/F: Cremant de Bourgogne was established in 1975 for hand-harvested, traditional method sparkling whites, roses, and reds.

A

False; reds not permitted.

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23
Q

T/F: Grand Cru wines in the Cote d’Or may be a blend of 2 or more Grand Cru vineyards.

A

False; though Premier Cru can.

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24
Q

Every Grand Cru vineyard (and all but 1 Premier Cru vineyard) is located west of what?

A

D974

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25
Q

D974 AKA _____________.

A

Route National 74

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26
Q

What is the only Premier Cru vineyard east of the D974?

A

‘Clos des Grands Vignes’ (Comte Liger-Belair)
Premeaux-Prissey (Nuits-Saint-Georges)

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27
Q

The smallest form of settlement often included administratively within the commune of a neighboring town (i.e. Puligny-Montrachet is a village appellation; Blagny is a village appellation and a _________, located within the Puligny-Montrachet commune).

A

Hamlet

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28
Q

Which Cote d’Or deptartment IGP covers east of the D974 and Cote de Beaune?

A

Saint-Marie-la-Blanche IGP

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29
Q

What is the name of the road that runs parallel through the Cote d’Or?

A

D974

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30
Q

After their arrival in 52 CE, the Romans planted numerous vineyards on the flat plains surrounding the site of __________.

A

Dijon

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31
Q

Under the Cistercians the first “________” vineyards appeared, including the walls, winemaking facilities, and monastic dwelling.

A

Clos

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32
Q

This vineyard, once owned in its entirety by the Cistercians of Citeaux in the 18th century, today has more than 80 owners.

A

Clos de Vougeot

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33
Q

(Domaine/negociant) wines tend to be more reliable year after year.

A

Negociant

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34
Q

This negociant is actually the largest landholder in the Cote d’Or with 130 ha of vines under its control.

A

Bouchard Pere et Fils (est’d 1731)

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35
Q

Often when operating both domaine and negociant branches, a vigneron will use the term _________ to refer to the latter.

A

Maison

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36
Q

Why don’t Bourgogne vignerons employ hail netting, and what are 2 alternatives?

A

It is illegal; cannons & prayer

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37
Q

What are the potential positive outcomes of millerandage (if conditions are right)?

A

The inclusion of smaller berries can increase phenolic character and concentration, and therefore overall quality.

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38
Q

What is Esca?

A

A fungal ‘trunk disease’ that attacks mature vines (~20 yo) at a grafting or pruning site.

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39
Q

What are the 2 most popular rootstocks of the Cote d’Or today?

A

402a
3309c

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40
Q

‘Provignage’ (AKA ____________) most commonly performed in Beaujolais is called ‘___________’ AKA ____________.

A

Propagation; ‘marcottage’ AKA layering

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41
Q

The first Dijon clones originated with cuttings from where?

A

Dme Ponsot, Clos de la Roche GC

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42
Q

What are ‘Bernard’ clones?

A

The original Dijon clones of pinot noir

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43
Q

Who are the ‘Bernard clones’ named after?

A

Raymond Bernard

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44
Q

What are the orignal Dijon clones of pinot noir called?

A

Bernard clones

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45
Q

What makes Dijon clones so special?

A

Particularly resistant to disease

Smaller bunches & berries

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46
Q

Whole cluster fermentation stems contain __________, raising pH in final wine.

A

Potassium

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47
Q

T/F: Chaptalization is common practice in Bourgogne

A

True

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48
Q

Chaptalization is named after this person, who began advocating for it in ______.

A

Jean-Antoine Chaptal; 1801

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49
Q

What is ‘subtractive must enrichment?’

A

(After 2009) a producer is permitted to remove up to 10% water in order to concentrate must and increase potential ABV.

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50
Q

T/F: Acidification is legal in Burgundy

A

True

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51
Q

T/F: A winemaker can legally Chaptalize and acidify the same wine.

A

False

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52
Q

What styles of wine commonly undergo ML in Bourgogne?

A

All reds; most whites (including Chablis)

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53
Q

T/F: ML behaves differently in each barrel (sometimes complete by June, sometimes the following fall)

A

True

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54
Q

ML usually begins in _______ and is complete by _______.

A

March - June

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55
Q

Producers in Cote de (Nuit/Beane) generally use more new oak.

A

Cote de Nuits

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56
Q

Average % NEW oak in red Burgundy for
BG AOP:
Village:
Premier Cru:
Grand Cru:

A

BG AOP: 0-10%
Village: 0-25%
Premier Cru: 25-50%
Grand Cru: 50-100%

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57
Q

Before the ______’s, Burgundy producers simply couldn’t afford new oak each year.

A

1980’s

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58
Q

This Cote de Nuits producer is famous for his use of high-toast oak.

A

Gevrey-Chambertin’s Joseph Roty

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59
Q

Traditional barrel size in the Cote d’Or

A

228-L Piece

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60
Q

With regard to limestone & clay soils, more limestone may be termed ________, while more clay is __________ or ________ ________.

A

Argillaceous limestone

Marl; calcareous clay

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61
Q

Grand Cru vineyards generally lie at a (steeper/gentler) grade.

A

Gentler (~10% vs ~35% max others)

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62
Q

What are ‘combes?’

A

Dry, traverse valleys carved during the last ice age by melt-water and erosion - today responsible for cool breezes & hailstorms.

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63
Q

T/F: Both Cote de Nuits and Cote de Beaune produce more reds than whites.

A

True

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64
Q

This fault line is responsible for the Hautes Cotes, the Cote d’Or, and the Saone River Plains.

A

The Saone Fault

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65
Q

What is the geological term for secondary faults responsible for side-valleys with variably facing slopes?

A

‘Splay’ faults

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66
Q

Calcareous definition

A

Rich in calcium-carbonate

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67
Q

Average growing season temp in Dijon

A

60

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68
Q

Burgundy principal viticultural hazards

A

Frost

Disease (mildew)

Autumn rain

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69
Q

How many Premier Crus in Burgundy?

A

635

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70
Q

T/F: The name of a lieu-dit must be printed in smaller type than the commune name.

A

True

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71
Q

AOC exclusively for sparkling REDs

A

Bourgogne Mousseux AOP

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72
Q

Name the grapes permitted in Bourgogne Mousseux AOP:

A

Gamay
Pinot Noir
Cesar
Tressot

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73
Q

What departement is Bourgogne Mousseux AOP restricted to?

A

Yonne

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74
Q

Bourgogne Passetoutgrains cepage requirements:

A

Min 30% pinot noir
Min 15% gamay
Max total 15%: chard, pinot blanc, pinot gris

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75
Q

Largest producer in Burgundy

A

Boisset (super-negociant)

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76
Q

Burgundy’s vineyards span which 4 departements?

A

Yonne
Cote d’Or
Saone et Loire
Rhone

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77
Q

How many ha under vine in BG (not including Beaujolais)?

A

30,000 ha

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78
Q

What is the average width of the Cote d’Or (km)?

A

1 km

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79
Q

1 mi = ____ km

1 km = ____ mi

A

1 mi = 1.6 km

1 km = 0.6 mi

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80
Q

From what city does the Saone-et-Loire departement take its name?

A

Chalon-sur-Saone

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81
Q

What is chardonnay called in the Yonne?

A

‘Beaunois’ (from Beaune)

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82
Q

Chardonnay is a natural crossing of _______ x ________.

A

Pinot x gouais blanc

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83
Q

Chardonnay was once known as ________-chardonnay and has been frequently mistaken for what?

A

‘Pinot-chardonnay’

Pinot blanc

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84
Q

Two old names for pinot noir:

A

Morillon

Noirien

85
Q

When did the name ‘pinot noir’ first appear?

A

Late 1300’s in Burgundy

86
Q

Gamay full name

A

Gamay noir a jus blanc

87
Q

While not technically a distinct variety from pinot noir, ________ is really just a green-skinned mutation.

A

Pinot blanc

88
Q

Pinot gris AKA ________ in Burgundy.

A

Pinot beurot

89
Q

What is pinot beurot?

A

A synonym for pinot gris in Burgundy

90
Q

Name 5 progenies of pinot x gouais blanc:

A

Chardonnay
Gamay

Aligoté
Melon de Bourgogne
Sacy

91
Q

Three rare grape varieties found in the Yonne:

A

Cesar (r)
Tressot (r)

Sacy (w)

92
Q

Parent grapes of tressot:

A

Duras x petit verdot

93
Q

This red grape is tannic, of German origin, and found in Irancy:

A

Cesar

94
Q

Grand Cru production accounts for less than ___% of the total in Bourgogne.

A

2%

95
Q

Bourgogne Premier Cru is not technically its own AOP, rather _____________?

A

Legally defined geographic designations for village AOPs

96
Q

Name 3 lesser varieties permitted in Bourgogne AOP

A

Pinot gris, pinot blanc, cesar

97
Q

This grape was disqualified from Bourgogne AOP reds & roses in 2011:

A

Gamay

98
Q

The old ‘Bourgogne Grand Ordinaire’ AOP came back to life in ______ as __________.

A

2011; Coteaux Bourguignons AOP

99
Q

Cote de Beaune Village is ________ and may be sourced from any village in the Cote de Beaune except which 4?

A

RED

Pommard
Volnay
Aloxe-Corton
Beaune

100
Q

Cote de Nuits Village AOP is ________ and may be sourced from which 5 villages?

A

Red & rarely white

Fixin
Brochon
Prissey
Comblanchien
Corgoloin

101
Q

The AOP for red and rose field blends

A

Bourgogne Passetoutgrains AOP

102
Q

In Bourgogne Passetoutgrains AOP, pinot noir min ___% and gamay min ___%, and the two must be vinified ________.

A

Pinot noir min 30%
Gamay min 15%

Must be vinified together

103
Q

Burgundy’s 2 sparkling wine AOPs:

A

Cremant de Bourgogne AOP
Bourgogne Mousseux AOP

104
Q

What is Bourgogne Mousseux AOP?

A

A rare, old AOP for traditional method sparkling REDs.

105
Q

Bourgogne sparkling wines were born around this town in the early 1800’s.

A

Rully (Saone-et-Loire)

106
Q

The smallest Grand Cru of Burgundy:

A

La Romanee AOP (0.85 ha)

107
Q

The largest Grand Cru of Burgundy:

A

Corton AOP (160 ha)

108
Q

There are over _____ climats in Burgundy today.

A

1,200

109
Q

The term ‘cru’ derives from this verb meaning ‘to grow’

A

Croitre

110
Q

This producer owns 3 separate parcels in Batard-Montrachet

A

Dme Leflaive

111
Q

What is the difference between ‘village’ and ‘commune?’

A

Village = a small town

Commune = an administrative unit of local government (town and surrounding areas)

112
Q

Name 2 cases where a producer might choose to declassify his/her Grand Cru wine:

A

A particularly challenging vintage

Recent replanting

113
Q

Comte Georges de Vogue declassified their Musigny Blanc to Bourgogne Blanc in what years and why?

A

1994 - 2014 due to replanting

114
Q

Three IGPs of Bourgogne:

A

Yonne IGP
Coteaux de l’Auxois IGP
Saint-Marie-la-Blanche IGP

115
Q

Which Cote d’Or departement IGP covers north and west of the Hautes-Cotes?

A

Coteaux de l’Auxois IGP

116
Q

Which IGP covers the actual Cote d’Or winegrowing region?

A

None

117
Q

This IGP covers the entire Rhone departement, including Beaujolais:

A

Comtes Rhondaniens IGP

118
Q

The former small, zonal IGP that covered most of Beaujolais prior to 2014:

A

Gaules IGP

119
Q

_________ ________ likely cultivated vines prior to the arrival of the ________ in ____ CE.

A

Celtic tribes

Romans; 52 CE

120
Q

The first written evidence of winemaking in Burgundy came in ____ CE, during the reign of whom?

A

312 CE; Emperor Constantine

121
Q

Who were the first Burgundians?

A

Germanic barbarian tribesmen

122
Q

In what year did the first Burgundians arrive, as the western Roman empire was crumbling?

A

436 CE

123
Q

This year marks the earliest appearance of a modern Grand Cru vineyard; _________________.

A

630 CE; Chambertin Clos de Beze

124
Q

Chambertin Clos de Beze was a gift from whom to the monks of the Abbaye de Beze:

A

Duke Amalgaire of Burgundy

125
Q

The 2 most powerful catholic monastic orders to emerge from the middle ages:

A

Benedictines & Cistercians

126
Q

In ______, the Benedictines built their motherhouse near this town, called __________.

A

910 near Macon

Abbaye de Cluny

127
Q

In the 11th century this was the richest, most powerful monastery in the western world:

A

Abbaye de Cluny (near Macon)

128
Q

The priory of Saint-Vivant de Vergy received numerous gifts of unplanted land including the modern day Romanee Conti in what year? What was it called?

A

1131

‘Clos de Cinq Journeaux’

129
Q

By the mid 1200’s, Cluny & its priories held prime vineyard land in Cote de Nuits, including ____________ (Chambertin), and in Maconnais and Cote Chalonnaise.

A

“Champ Bertin”

130
Q

What is a ‘priory?’

A

A small monastery

131
Q

_________, a stricter off-shoot of the Benedictines, takes its name from the motherhouse, _____________, founded near Dijon in _________.

A

The Cistercian Order

The Abbaye de Citeaux

1098

132
Q

Citeaux’s marquee vineyard:

A

Clos de Vougeot

133
Q

The large mosaic of parcels which make up Clos de Vougeot were acquired by the Cistercians between the ___ & ___ centuries.

A

12th & 14th centuries

134
Q

What are ‘defricheurs?’

A

Pioneers, visionaries

135
Q

Clos de Tart was first documented in ______ as ___________.

A

1141 - ‘Clos de la Forge’

136
Q

Clos de Tart & Clos des Lambrays first appear in Citeaux archives in _______.

A

1365

137
Q

In 1114, this Cistercian abbey was established near Chablis:

A

Abbaye de Pontigny

138
Q

Name 4 Grand Cru vineyards originally cultivated by Cistercian monks:

A

Musigny
Echezeaux
Richebourg
Montrachet

139
Q

Era of the Valois Dukes:

A

1363 - 1477

140
Q

In 1363 the first of 4 Lords of House Valois, __________, claimed the title and took his seat in Dijon.

A

Philip the Bold

141
Q

__________ championed pinot noir and ordered all of the ‘gaamez’ (gamay) uprooted.

A

Philip the Bold (1395)

142
Q

__________ demanded removal of vines on flat land and campaigned for vines on the ‘bonnes costes’ (good slopes).

A

Philip the Good (1441)

143
Q

Philip the Good’s son:

A

Charles the Bold

144
Q

Charles the Bold initiated war between Burgundy and the French crown, called ____________, in years ______ - ______.

A

The Burgundy Wars
1474 - 1477

145
Q

Charles the Bold died on the battlefield in ______ and without sons the legal ownership of Duchy Bourgogne reverted to ___________.

A

1477
King Louis XI

146
Q

In ______, this chancellor of Bourgogne under Philip the Good and his wife ________ founded this hospital in Beaune.

A

1443
Nicolas Rolin & Guigone de Salins
Hotel-Dieu

147
Q

The Hotel-Dieu charity hospital helped people free of charge between ______ and ______.

A

1452 - 1971

148
Q

What happened to Hotel-Dieu in 1971?

A

Patients were moved to modern hospitals and the building was restored as a museum.

149
Q

In 1794 (during the French revolution) the Hotel-Dieu was seized by the state and given this new name:

A

The Hospices Civils de Beaune

150
Q

Today, Hospices de Beaune owns about _____ ha, making them one of the largest vineyard owners in Burgundy.

A

60 ha

151
Q

The Hospices de Beaune wine auction has been held every year since ______ and is always on the ____ _________ of __________.

A

1859

3rd Sunday of November

152
Q

Name the 3 events of the ‘Trois Glorieuses’

A

Sat: dinner at the Chateau du Clos de Vougeot

Sun: Hospices de Beaune wine auction

Mon: Lunch ‘Paulee’ of Meursault (celebrates the end of harvest)

153
Q

Name 3 cuvees produced by Hospices de Beaune:

A

Cuvee Nicolas Rolin

Cuvee Guigone de Salins

Cuvee Dames de Flandress

154
Q

How are wines produced by the Hospices de Beaune sold?

A

En primeur by the barrel - current vintage - aged and bottled by a negociant-eleveur.

155
Q

The Hospices de Beaune auction was only open to Burgundy producers before this year (now anyone).

A

2005

156
Q

The term ‘climat’ originates from what?

A

The Greek, ‘klima,’ referring to a site’s incline and sun-exposure.

157
Q

What does ‘charmes’ mean?

A

Fallow scrubland

158
Q

Who is Claude Jomard?

A

He brought back Chambertin Clos de Beze to full health and was awarded a perpetual lease in 1651.

159
Q

This man was awarded a perpetual lease on Chambertin Clos de Beze in 1651 for restoring it back to full health.

A

Claude Jomard

160
Q

Nine out of 10 Burgundy barrels were named by an individual village or climat by the end of what decade?

A

1750’s

161
Q

This paper became the benchmark classification of Burgundy climats in the 1800’s

A

Jules Lavalle’s
‘Histoire et Statistique de la Vigne et des Grands Vins de la Cote d’Or’

162
Q

In 1855 in Burgundy, this established a quality hierarchy based on the vineyard site and not necessarily on the price of the wine.

A

Jules Lavalle’s map of climats with hierarchy:

-Tete de Cuvee (2 tiers)
-1er Cuvee
-2eme Cuvee
-3eme Cuvee

163
Q

This man completed the first real classification of the Cote d’Or in 1831.

A

Denis Blaise-Morelot

164
Q

Phylloxera first struck the Cote d’Or at ________ in ______.

A

Meursault; 1878

165
Q

The first AO law in Burgundy was established in what year?

A

1919

166
Q

What is the difference between ‘coupage’ and ‘assemblage?’

A

Coupage = cutting; blending different qualities of wine

Assemblage = masterful blending by a winemaker to increase complexity and/or quality

167
Q

The first Premier Cru geographic designations were written into law in ______.

A

1942

168
Q

Why are there different spellings for the same climats?

A

In the early 1800’s Napoleon commissioned a ‘cadastre’ (census map) and the names were recorded, copied, and distributed by hand. Simple mistakes.

169
Q

French revolution years:

A

1789-1799

170
Q

The Napoleonic Code of Inheritance was put into effect in ______.

A

1804

171
Q

The negociant Louis Jadot owns over _____ ha throughout Burgundy:

A

150 ha

172
Q

What is a ‘micro-negociant?’

A

A domaine vigneron who starts his own small-scale negociant operation, wanting to expand without the capital to purchase additional vineyard land.

173
Q

Name 2 examples of micro-negociant sourced-fruit labels:

A

Dme de Montille, ‘Deux Montille’

Dme Dujac, ‘Dujac Pere et Fils’

174
Q

T/F: Today, domaine wines remain far & above better quality than those of the negociants.

A

False; lines are too blurred.

175
Q

The two first private merchant houses, both established in 1720:

A

Maison Champy

Maison Claude Marey

176
Q

Founder of the influential publication, ‘La Revue de Vin de France.’

A

Raymond Baudoin

177
Q

Domaines hold on average ____ - ____ ha apiece.

A

7 - 8 ha

178
Q

There are around ___ domaines, ____ negociant firms, and ___ co-ops in Burgundy (excluding Beaujolais), but negociants make up ___% of sales.

A

4,000 domaines

300 negociants (60% of sales)

19 cooperatives

179
Q

Phylloxera first struck _________ in Beaujolais in ______, then _________ in _____, then ________ in ______ before radiating outward.

A

Ville-Morgon (Beaujolais) - 1874

Meursault - 1878

Chablis - 1887

180
Q

Name 2 techniques used by vignerons to keep Phylloxera at bay prior to grafting onto American vines:

A

Submersion - flooding the vineyards with water

Carbon disulfide treatments

181
Q

The first vignerons to adopt grafting onto American vines.

A

Beaujolais - lacked funds for chemical treatments

182
Q

Name the most common vine-training method in:

Cote d’Or:

Chablis:

Champagne:

A

Cote d’Or: Single Guyot

Chablis: Double Guyot

Champagne: Taille Chablis

183
Q

What is ‘Cordon de Royat?’

A

A vine training system in which a vine retains a permanent arm rather than a 1 year old cane.

184
Q

Most vines in the Cote d’Or run (E-W/N-S), (up the slope/parallel)?

A

E-W; up the slope

185
Q

Name 3 examples of Grand Cru vineyards whose vines run N-S, parallel to the slope.

A

Clos de Tart
Clos des Lambrays
La Romanee

186
Q

General density of vines planted in the Cote d’Or:

A

10,000 v/ha (1 x 1 meter spacing)

187
Q

Cote d’Or AOP minimum required vine density:

A

9,000 v/ha

188
Q

Chablis minimum required vine density:

A

5,500 v/ha

189
Q

Beaujolais minimum required vine density:

A

6,000 v/ha

190
Q

Give 3 reasons why the vines of the Cote d’Or are trained so low to the ground (no more than 0.5 meter):

A

High-density, shading is reduced

Mechanization by ‘enjambeurs’

Heat released from the soil at night

191
Q

What is ‘conventional agriculture?’

A

Heavy chemical treatments:

Nitrogen-based fertilizers
Insecticides
Fungicides
Herbicides

192
Q

What is ‘lutte integree?’

A

Sustainable agriculture with the addition of natural pest management.

193
Q

Name 3 natural ways of dealing with vineyard pests:

A

Sulphur or copper-based sprays

Pheromones - sexual confusion

Release of natural predators

194
Q

The 1st estate to adopt biodynamics in the Cote d’Or:

A

Jean-Claude Rateau (1979)

195
Q

Six ‘heavyweights’ producers using ‘lutte biodynamique’ in Bourgogne:

A

DRC
Dauvissat
Leroy
Leflaive
Comtes Lafon
Comte Armand

196
Q

_________ diseases present a constant threat in Bourgogne:

A

Fungal diseases

197
Q

Name 6 fungal diseases:

A

Powdery mildew (oidium)
Downy mildew (peronospora)

Dead Arm
Eutypa dieback
Esca
Grey rot

198
Q

Name 3 recent Burgundy vintages devastated by rot & mildew:

A

2007
2011
2012

199
Q

Name 3 types of wood-rotting fungal diseases:

A

Eutypa dieback
Esca
Dead-arm

200
Q

Through what part of the plant do wood-rotting fungal diseases infect the vine?

A

Grafting or pruning wounds

201
Q

What is ‘court-noue?’

A

A grapevine fanleaf virus spread by soil nemotodes in Bourgogne

202
Q

Name 2 recent vintages affected by ladybug infestation:

A

2004
2011

203
Q

What is the wine result/fault from ladybugs?

A

Green off-flavors (they secrete pyrazines as pheromones)

204
Q

What is the most distressing disease currently appearing in Burgundy?

A

Flavescence doree

205
Q

What is ‘flavescence doree?’

A

A bacterial disease caused by the spread of phytoplasma by leafhopper insects.

206
Q

What recent vintage was affected by flavescence doree?

A

2011 in Maconnais

207
Q

Two main climactic challenges in Bourgogne:

A

Frost & hail

208
Q

How can frost ‘scorch’ buds?

A

Ice crystals magnify the sunlight

209
Q

Name 3 hail-ravaged vintages in the Cote de Beaune:

A

2012
2013
2014

CMS-A (17 decks)

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