Cote d'Or (General) Flashcards
The Cote d’Or extends roughly ___km from the outskirts of ________ southward through the 3 small communes of ___________.
60km
Dijon - Les Maranges
The width of the Cote d’Or grows slimmest between these 2 communes (the dividing line between the Cote de Nuits and Cote de Beaune).
Corgoloin - Ladoix-Serrigny
Regional capital of the Cote d’Or
Dijon
The commercial center for wine trade in the Cote d’Or
Beaune
In what dept is Cote Chalonnaise?
Saone-et-Loire
What is the capital of Saone-et-Loire?
Macon
What is considered the most emblematic site of Saone-et-Loire?
La Roche de la Solutre
What departement is the majority of Beaujolais in?
Rhone dept
The wettest month in Burgundy
May
T/F: During summer Burgundy is often warmer than many new world pinot noir & chardonnay regions.
True
What is the average temp in July-Aug in Burgundy?
68
The 47th parallel runs through what Burgundian town?
Volnay
Gamay is a sibling of chardonnay and a progeny of ________ x ________.
Pinot x gouais blanc
The second most important white variety in Burgundy:
Aligote
Aligote is bottled varietally in this commune:
Bouzeron (Cote Chalonnaise)
Pinot blanc is a home to what region?
Burgundy
T/F: Pinot blanc is frequently permitted in Burgundy Grand Cru.
True
This AOP allows Gamay in reds, inexpensive white blends and inexpensive rose blends.
Coteaux Bourguignons AOP
The ‘high slopes’ of Cote de Nuits or Cote de Beaune:
Hautes Cotes de Nuits/Beaune
Kir ingredients
Creme de Cassis & Bourgogne Aligote AOP
What year was Cremant de Bourgogne established?
1975
T/F: Cremant de Bourgogne was established in 1975 for hand-harvested, traditional method sparkling whites, roses, and reds.
False; reds not permitted.
T/F: Grand Cru wines in the Cote d’Or may be a blend of 2 or more Grand Cru vineyards.
False; though Premier Cru can.
Every Grand Cru vineyard (and all but 1 Premier Cru vineyard) is located west of what?
D974
D974 AKA _____________.
Route National 74
What is the only Premier Cru vineyard east of the D974?
‘Clos des Grands Vignes’ (Comte Liger-Belair)
Premeaux-Prissey (Nuits-Saint-Georges)
The smallest form of settlement often included administratively within the commune of a neighboring town (i.e. Puligny-Montrachet is a village appellation; Blagny is a village appellation and a _________, located within the Puligny-Montrachet commune).
Hamlet
Which Cote d’Or deptartment IGP covers east of the D974 and Cote de Beaune?
Saint-Marie-la-Blanche IGP
What is the name of the road that runs parallel through the Cote d’Or?
D974
After their arrival in 52 CE, the Romans planted numerous vineyards on the flat plains surrounding the site of __________.
Dijon
Under the Cistercians the first “________” vineyards appeared, including the walls, winemaking facilities, and monastic dwelling.
Clos
This vineyard, once owned in its entirety by the Cistercians of Citeaux in the 18th century, today has more than 80 owners.
Clos de Vougeot
(Domaine/negociant) wines tend to be more reliable year after year.
Negociant
This negociant is actually the largest landholder in the Cote d’Or with 130 ha of vines under its control.
Bouchard Pere et Fils (est’d 1731)
Often when operating both domaine and negociant branches, a vigneron will use the term _________ to refer to the latter.
Maison
Why don’t Bourgogne vignerons employ hail netting, and what are 2 alternatives?
It is illegal; cannons & prayer
What are the potential positive outcomes of millerandage (if conditions are right)?
The inclusion of smaller berries can increase phenolic character and concentration, and therefore overall quality.
What is Esca?
A fungal ‘trunk disease’ that attacks mature vines (~20 yo) at a grafting or pruning site.
What are the 2 most popular rootstocks of the Cote d’Or today?
402a
3309c
‘Provignage’ (AKA ____________) most commonly performed in Beaujolais is called ‘___________’ AKA ____________.
Propagation; ‘marcottage’ AKA layering
The first Dijon clones originated with cuttings from where?
Dme Ponsot, Clos de la Roche GC
What are ‘Bernard’ clones?
The original Dijon clones of pinot noir
Who are the ‘Bernard clones’ named after?
Raymond Bernard
What are the orignal Dijon clones of pinot noir called?
Bernard clones
What makes Dijon clones so special?
Particularly resistant to disease
Smaller bunches & berries
Whole cluster fermentation stems contain __________, raising pH in final wine.
Potassium
T/F: Chaptalization is common practice in Bourgogne
True
Chaptalization is named after this person, who began advocating for it in ______.
Jean-Antoine Chaptal; 1801
What is ‘subtractive must enrichment?’
(After 2009) a producer is permitted to remove up to 10% water in order to concentrate must and increase potential ABV.
T/F: Acidification is legal in Burgundy
True
T/F: A winemaker can legally Chaptalize and acidify the same wine.
False
What styles of wine commonly undergo ML in Bourgogne?
All reds; most whites (including Chablis)
T/F: ML behaves differently in each barrel (sometimes complete by June, sometimes the following fall)
True
ML usually begins in _______ and is complete by _______.
March - June
Producers in Cote de (Nuit/Beane) generally use more new oak.
Cote de Nuits
Average % NEW oak in red Burgundy for
BG AOP:
Village:
Premier Cru:
Grand Cru:
BG AOP: 0-10%
Village: 0-25%
Premier Cru: 25-50%
Grand Cru: 50-100%
Before the ______’s, Burgundy producers simply couldn’t afford new oak each year.
1980’s
This Cote de Nuits producer is famous for his use of high-toast oak.
Gevrey-Chambertin’s Joseph Roty
Traditional barrel size in the Cote d’Or
228-L Piece
With regard to limestone & clay soils, more limestone may be termed ________, while more clay is __________ or ________ ________.
Argillaceous limestone
Marl; calcareous clay
Grand Cru vineyards generally lie at a (steeper/gentler) grade.
Gentler (~10% vs ~35% max others)
What are ‘combes?’
Dry, traverse valleys carved during the last ice age by melt-water and erosion - today responsible for cool breezes & hailstorms.
T/F: Both Cote de Nuits and Cote de Beaune produce more reds than whites.
True
This fault line is responsible for the Hautes Cotes, the Cote d’Or, and the Saone River Plains.
The Saone Fault
What is the geological term for secondary faults responsible for side-valleys with variably facing slopes?
‘Splay’ faults
Calcareous definition
Rich in calcium-carbonate
Average growing season temp in Dijon
60
Burgundy principal viticultural hazards
Frost
Disease (mildew)
Autumn rain
How many Premier Crus in Burgundy?
635
T/F: The name of a lieu-dit must be printed in smaller type than the commune name.
True
AOC exclusively for sparkling REDs
Bourgogne Mousseux AOP
Name the grapes permitted in Bourgogne Mousseux AOP:
Gamay
Pinot Noir
Cesar
Tressot
What departement is Bourgogne Mousseux AOP restricted to?
Yonne
Bourgogne Passetoutgrains cepage requirements:
Min 30% pinot noir
Min 15% gamay
Max total 15%: chard, pinot blanc, pinot gris
Largest producer in Burgundy
Boisset (super-negociant)
Burgundy’s vineyards span which 4 departements?
Yonne
Cote d’Or
Saone et Loire
Rhone
How many ha under vine in BG (not including Beaujolais)?
30,000 ha
What is the average width of the Cote d’Or (km)?
1 km
1 mi = ____ km
1 km = ____ mi
1 mi = 1.6 km
1 km = 0.6 mi
From what city does the Saone-et-Loire departement take its name?
Chalon-sur-Saone
What is chardonnay called in the Yonne?
‘Beaunois’ (from Beaune)
Chardonnay is a natural crossing of _______ x ________.
Pinot x gouais blanc
Chardonnay was once known as ________-chardonnay and has been frequently mistaken for what?
‘Pinot-chardonnay’
Pinot blanc
Two old names for pinot noir:
Morillon
Noirien
When did the name ‘pinot noir’ first appear?
Late 1300’s in Burgundy
Gamay full name
Gamay noir a jus blanc
While not technically a distinct variety from pinot noir, ________ is really just a green-skinned mutation.
Pinot blanc
Pinot gris AKA ________ in Burgundy.
Pinot beurot
What is pinot beurot?
A synonym for pinot gris in Burgundy
Name 5 progenies of pinot x gouais blanc:
Chardonnay
Gamay
Aligoté
Melon de Bourgogne
Sacy
Three rare grape varieties found in the Yonne:
Cesar (r)
Tressot (r)
Sacy (w)
Parent grapes of tressot:
Duras x petit verdot
This red grape is tannic, of German origin, and found in Irancy:
Cesar
Grand Cru production accounts for less than ___% of the total in Bourgogne.
2%
Bourgogne Premier Cru is not technically its own AOP, rather _____________?
Legally defined geographic designations for village AOPs
Name 3 lesser varieties permitted in Bourgogne AOP
Pinot gris, pinot blanc, cesar
This grape was disqualified from Bourgogne AOP reds & roses in 2011:
Gamay
The old ‘Bourgogne Grand Ordinaire’ AOP came back to life in ______ as __________.
2011; Coteaux Bourguignons AOP
Cote de Beaune Village is ________ and may be sourced from any village in the Cote de Beaune except which 4?
RED
Pommard
Volnay
Aloxe-Corton
Beaune
Cote de Nuits Village AOP is ________ and may be sourced from which 5 villages?
Red & rarely white
Fixin
Brochon
Prissey
Comblanchien
Corgoloin
The AOP for red and rose field blends
Bourgogne Passetoutgrains AOP
In Bourgogne Passetoutgrains AOP, pinot noir min ___% and gamay min ___%, and the two must be vinified ________.
Pinot noir min 30%
Gamay min 15%
Must be vinified together
Burgundy’s 2 sparkling wine AOPs:
Cremant de Bourgogne AOP
Bourgogne Mousseux AOP
What is Bourgogne Mousseux AOP?
A rare, old AOP for traditional method sparkling REDs.
Bourgogne sparkling wines were born around this town in the early 1800’s.
Rully (Saone-et-Loire)
The smallest Grand Cru of Burgundy:
La Romanee AOP (0.85 ha)
The largest Grand Cru of Burgundy:
Corton AOP (160 ha)
There are over _____ climats in Burgundy today.
1,200
The term ‘cru’ derives from this verb meaning ‘to grow’
Croitre
This producer owns 3 separate parcels in Batard-Montrachet
Dme Leflaive
What is the difference between ‘village’ and ‘commune?’
Village = a small town
Commune = an administrative unit of local government (town and surrounding areas)
Name 2 cases where a producer might choose to declassify his/her Grand Cru wine:
A particularly challenging vintage
Recent replanting
Comte Georges de Vogue declassified their Musigny Blanc to Bourgogne Blanc in what years and why?
1994 - 2014 due to replanting
Three IGPs of Bourgogne:
Yonne IGP
Coteaux de l’Auxois IGP
Saint-Marie-la-Blanche IGP
Which Cote d’Or departement IGP covers north and west of the Hautes-Cotes?
Coteaux de l’Auxois IGP
Which IGP covers the actual Cote d’Or winegrowing region?
None
This IGP covers the entire Rhone departement, including Beaujolais:
Comtes Rhondaniens IGP
The former small, zonal IGP that covered most of Beaujolais prior to 2014:
Gaules IGP
_________ ________ likely cultivated vines prior to the arrival of the ________ in ____ CE.
Celtic tribes
Romans; 52 CE
The first written evidence of winemaking in Burgundy came in ____ CE, during the reign of whom?
312 CE; Emperor Constantine
Who were the first Burgundians?
Germanic barbarian tribesmen
In what year did the first Burgundians arrive, as the western Roman empire was crumbling?
436 CE
This year marks the earliest appearance of a modern Grand Cru vineyard; _________________.
630 CE; Chambertin Clos de Beze
Chambertin Clos de Beze was a gift from whom to the monks of the Abbaye de Beze:
Duke Amalgaire of Burgundy
The 2 most powerful catholic monastic orders to emerge from the middle ages:
Benedictines & Cistercians
In ______, the Benedictines built their motherhouse near this town, called __________.
910 near Macon
Abbaye de Cluny
In the 11th century this was the richest, most powerful monastery in the western world:
Abbaye de Cluny (near Macon)
The priory of Saint-Vivant de Vergy received numerous gifts of unplanted land including the modern day Romanee Conti in what year? What was it called?
1131
‘Clos de Cinq Journeaux’
By the mid 1200’s, Cluny & its priories held prime vineyard land in Cote de Nuits, including ____________ (Chambertin), and in Maconnais and Cote Chalonnaise.
“Champ Bertin”
What is a ‘priory?’
A small monastery
_________, a stricter off-shoot of the Benedictines, takes its name from the motherhouse, _____________, founded near Dijon in _________.
The Cistercian Order
The Abbaye de Citeaux
1098
Citeaux’s marquee vineyard:
Clos de Vougeot
The large mosaic of parcels which make up Clos de Vougeot were acquired by the Cistercians between the ___ & ___ centuries.
12th & 14th centuries
What are ‘defricheurs?’
Pioneers, visionaries
Clos de Tart was first documented in ______ as ___________.
1141 - ‘Clos de la Forge’
Clos de Tart & Clos des Lambrays first appear in Citeaux archives in _______.
1365
In 1114, this Cistercian abbey was established near Chablis:
Abbaye de Pontigny
Name 4 Grand Cru vineyards originally cultivated by Cistercian monks:
Musigny
Echezeaux
Richebourg
Montrachet
Era of the Valois Dukes:
1363 - 1477
In 1363 the first of 4 Lords of House Valois, __________, claimed the title and took his seat in Dijon.
Philip the Bold
__________ championed pinot noir and ordered all of the ‘gaamez’ (gamay) uprooted.
Philip the Bold (1395)
__________ demanded removal of vines on flat land and campaigned for vines on the ‘bonnes costes’ (good slopes).
Philip the Good (1441)
Philip the Good’s son:
Charles the Bold
Charles the Bold initiated war between Burgundy and the French crown, called ____________, in years ______ - ______.
The Burgundy Wars
1474 - 1477
Charles the Bold died on the battlefield in ______ and without sons the legal ownership of Duchy Bourgogne reverted to ___________.
1477
King Louis XI
In ______, this chancellor of Bourgogne under Philip the Good and his wife ________ founded this hospital in Beaune.
1443
Nicolas Rolin & Guigone de Salins
Hotel-Dieu
The Hotel-Dieu charity hospital helped people free of charge between ______ and ______.
1452 - 1971
What happened to Hotel-Dieu in 1971?
Patients were moved to modern hospitals and the building was restored as a museum.
In 1794 (during the French revolution) the Hotel-Dieu was seized by the state and given this new name:
The Hospices Civils de Beaune
Today, Hospices de Beaune owns about _____ ha, making them one of the largest vineyard owners in Burgundy.
60 ha
The Hospices de Beaune wine auction has been held every year since ______ and is always on the ____ _________ of __________.
1859
3rd Sunday of November
Name the 3 events of the ‘Trois Glorieuses’
Sat: dinner at the Chateau du Clos de Vougeot
Sun: Hospices de Beaune wine auction
Mon: Lunch ‘Paulee’ of Meursault (celebrates the end of harvest)
Name 3 cuvees produced by Hospices de Beaune:
Cuvee Nicolas Rolin
Cuvee Guigone de Salins
Cuvee Dames de Flandress
How are wines produced by the Hospices de Beaune sold?
En primeur by the barrel - current vintage - aged and bottled by a negociant-eleveur.
The Hospices de Beaune auction was only open to Burgundy producers before this year (now anyone).
2005
The term ‘climat’ originates from what?
The Greek, ‘klima,’ referring to a site’s incline and sun-exposure.
What does ‘charmes’ mean?
Fallow scrubland
Who is Claude Jomard?
He brought back Chambertin Clos de Beze to full health and was awarded a perpetual lease in 1651.
This man was awarded a perpetual lease on Chambertin Clos de Beze in 1651 for restoring it back to full health.
Claude Jomard
Nine out of 10 Burgundy barrels were named by an individual village or climat by the end of what decade?
1750’s
This paper became the benchmark classification of Burgundy climats in the 1800’s
Jules Lavalle’s
‘Histoire et Statistique de la Vigne et des Grands Vins de la Cote d’Or’
In 1855 in Burgundy, this established a quality hierarchy based on the vineyard site and not necessarily on the price of the wine.
Jules Lavalle’s map of climats with hierarchy:
-Tete de Cuvee (2 tiers)
-1er Cuvee
-2eme Cuvee
-3eme Cuvee
This man completed the first real classification of the Cote d’Or in 1831.
Denis Blaise-Morelot
Phylloxera first struck the Cote d’Or at ________ in ______.
Meursault; 1878
The first AO law in Burgundy was established in what year?
1919
What is the difference between ‘coupage’ and ‘assemblage?’
Coupage = cutting; blending different qualities of wine
Assemblage = masterful blending by a winemaker to increase complexity and/or quality
The first Premier Cru geographic designations were written into law in ______.
1942
Why are there different spellings for the same climats?
In the early 1800’s Napoleon commissioned a ‘cadastre’ (census map) and the names were recorded, copied, and distributed by hand. Simple mistakes.
French revolution years:
1789-1799
The Napoleonic Code of Inheritance was put into effect in ______.
1804
The negociant Louis Jadot owns over _____ ha throughout Burgundy:
150 ha
What is a ‘micro-negociant?’
A domaine vigneron who starts his own small-scale negociant operation, wanting to expand without the capital to purchase additional vineyard land.
Name 2 examples of micro-negociant sourced-fruit labels:
Dme de Montille, ‘Deux Montille’
Dme Dujac, ‘Dujac Pere et Fils’
T/F: Today, domaine wines remain far & above better quality than those of the negociants.
False; lines are too blurred.
The two first private merchant houses, both established in 1720:
Maison Champy
Maison Claude Marey
Founder of the influential publication, ‘La Revue de Vin de France.’
Raymond Baudoin
Domaines hold on average ____ - ____ ha apiece.
7 - 8 ha
There are around ___ domaines, ____ negociant firms, and ___ co-ops in Burgundy (excluding Beaujolais), but negociants make up ___% of sales.
4,000 domaines
300 negociants (60% of sales)
19 cooperatives
Phylloxera first struck _________ in Beaujolais in ______, then _________ in _____, then ________ in ______ before radiating outward.
Ville-Morgon (Beaujolais) - 1874
Meursault - 1878
Chablis - 1887
Name 2 techniques used by vignerons to keep Phylloxera at bay prior to grafting onto American vines:
Submersion - flooding the vineyards with water
Carbon disulfide treatments
The first vignerons to adopt grafting onto American vines.
Beaujolais - lacked funds for chemical treatments
Name the most common vine-training method in:
Cote d’Or:
Chablis:
Champagne:
Cote d’Or: Single Guyot
Chablis: Double Guyot
Champagne: Taille Chablis
What is ‘Cordon de Royat?’
A vine training system in which a vine retains a permanent arm rather than a 1 year old cane.
Most vines in the Cote d’Or run (E-W/N-S), (up the slope/parallel)?
E-W; up the slope
Name 3 examples of Grand Cru vineyards whose vines run N-S, parallel to the slope.
Clos de Tart
Clos des Lambrays
La Romanee
General density of vines planted in the Cote d’Or:
10,000 v/ha (1 x 1 meter spacing)
Cote d’Or AOP minimum required vine density:
9,000 v/ha
Chablis minimum required vine density:
5,500 v/ha
Beaujolais minimum required vine density:
6,000 v/ha
Give 3 reasons why the vines of the Cote d’Or are trained so low to the ground (no more than 0.5 meter):
High-density, shading is reduced
Mechanization by ‘enjambeurs’
Heat released from the soil at night
What is ‘conventional agriculture?’
Heavy chemical treatments:
Nitrogen-based fertilizers
Insecticides
Fungicides
Herbicides
What is ‘lutte integree?’
Sustainable agriculture with the addition of natural pest management.
Name 3 natural ways of dealing with vineyard pests:
Sulphur or copper-based sprays
Pheromones - sexual confusion
Release of natural predators
The 1st estate to adopt biodynamics in the Cote d’Or:
Jean-Claude Rateau (1979)
Six ‘heavyweights’ producers using ‘lutte biodynamique’ in Bourgogne:
DRC
Dauvissat
Leroy
Leflaive
Comtes Lafon
Comte Armand
_________ diseases present a constant threat in Bourgogne:
Fungal diseases
Name 6 fungal diseases:
Powdery mildew (oidium)
Downy mildew (peronospora)
Dead Arm
Eutypa dieback
Esca
Grey rot
Name 3 recent Burgundy vintages devastated by rot & mildew:
2007
2011
2012
Name 3 types of wood-rotting fungal diseases:
Eutypa dieback
Esca
Dead-arm
Through what part of the plant do wood-rotting fungal diseases infect the vine?
Grafting or pruning wounds
What is ‘court-noue?’
A grapevine fanleaf virus spread by soil nemotodes in Bourgogne
Name 2 recent vintages affected by ladybug infestation:
2004
2011
What is the wine result/fault from ladybugs?
Green off-flavors (they secrete pyrazines as pheromones)
What is the most distressing disease currently appearing in Burgundy?
Flavescence doree
What is ‘flavescence doree?’
A bacterial disease caused by the spread of phytoplasma by leafhopper insects.
What recent vintage was affected by flavescence doree?
2011 in Maconnais
Two main climactic challenges in Bourgogne:
Frost & hail
How can frost ‘scorch’ buds?
Ice crystals magnify the sunlight
Name 3 hail-ravaged vintages in the Cote de Beaune:
2012
2013
2014
