Cortisol

Question 1

Diminishes peripheral uptake (regulatory point in controlling blood glucose) and utilization of glucose; promotes gluconeogenesis in liver metabolism cells; enhances gluconeogenic response to other hormones; promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue

Answer 1

Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Question 2

Increase protein synthesis in liver and decreases protein synthesis (including immunoglobulin synthesis ) in muscle, lymphoid tissue, adipose tissue, skin, and bone; increases plasma level of amino acids; stimulates deamination in liver

Answer 2

protein metabolism

Question 3

High levels of cortisol used in drug therapy suppress inflammatory response and inhibit proinflammatory activity of many growth factors and cytokines; however, over time some individuals may develop tolerance to glucocorticoids, causing an increased susceptibility to both inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

Answer 3

Anti-inflammatory effects (systemic effects)

Question 4

Cortisol levels released during stress response may increase proinflammatory effects

Answer 4

Proinflammatory effects (possible local effects)

Question 5

Lipolysis in extremities and lipogenesis in face and trunk

Answer 5

Lipid metabolism

Question 6

treatment levels of glucocorticoids are immunosuppressive.
T-cell or innate immune system is particularly affected by these larger doses of glucocorticoids, with suppression of T-helper cell 1 (Th1) function or innate immunity; stress can cause a different pattern of immune response; these nontherapeutic levels can suppress innate (Th1) and increase adaptive (Th2) immunity—the so-called Th2 shift

Answer 6

Immune effects

Question 7

Promotes gastric secretion

Answer 7

Digestive function

Question 8

Enhances excretion of calcium

Answer 8

Urinary function

Question 9

Decreases proliferation of fibroblasts in connective tissue (thus delaying healing)

Answer 9

Connective tissue function

Question 10

Maintains normal contractility and maximal work output for skeletal and cardiac muscle

Answer 10

Muscle function

Question 11

Decreases bone formation

Answer 11

Bone function

Question 12

Maintains normal blood pressure; permits increased responsiveness of arterioles to constrictive action of adrenergic stimulation; optimizes myocardial performance

Answer 12

Vascular system/myocardial function

Question 13

Somehow modulates perceptual and emotional functioning; essential for normal arousal and initiation of daytime activity

Answer 13

Central nervous system function

Question 14

May suppress maternal immune system to prevent rejection of fetus

Answer 14

Possible synergism with estrogen in pregnancy?