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Clinical Pathology > Core Microbiology - Introduction to Parasites (4) > Flashcards

Core Microbiology - Introduction to Parasites (4) Flashcards

1
Q

Parasite

A
  • Organism that lives in/on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at other’s expense
  • Habitually relies on/exploits others and gives nothing in return
  • Doesn’t necessarily cause disease
  • Host may be harmed/suffer consequences of this association
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2
Q

Host

A

An organism which harbours the parasite

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3
Q

Symbiosis

A

Living together, close, long term interaction between two different species

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4
Q

Mutualism

A

An associated in which both species benefit from the interaction

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5
Q

Parasitism

A

An association in which the parasite derives benefit and the host gets nothing in return but suffers injury

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6
Q

Commensalism

A

An association in which the parasite only is deriving benefit without causing injury to the host

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7
Q

Definitive host

A

Harbours adult stage of parasite, where parasite utilises the sexual method of reproduction, usually human

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8
Q

Intermediate host

A

Harbours the larval/asexual stages, some parasites have 2

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9
Q

Paratenic host

A

Host where parasite remains viable without further development

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10
Q

How to approach parasites

A
  • Distribution (where find them?)
  • Life Cycle (how survive+breed)
  • Clinical Manifestations
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Control (prevent others)
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11
Q

Direct life cycle

A

1 host

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12
Q

Simple/complex indirect

A

2 hosts

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13
Q

Classification of parasites

A

Protozoa (micro-parasites) and Helminths (marco-parasites)

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14
Q

Cestode

A

Taenia/tape worm

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15
Q

Tretmatode

A

Schistosoma/fluke

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16
Q

Intestinal nematode

A

Ascaris lumbricoides - largest most common worm

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17
Q

Tissue nematode

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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18
Q

Ascariasis

A

Macroparasite, intestinal nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides, round worm

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19
Q

Ascariasis epidemiology

A

1/7 world population, common China

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20
Q

Ascariasis prevalence

A

3-8 years old

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21
Q

Ascariasis transmission

A

Ingestion of eggs > lava pass into intestines > portal circulation > lungs (alveolar) > swallowed > intestines

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22
Q

Ascariasis Lung migration

A

Loefflers syndrome - dry cough, dyspnea, wheeze, haemoptysis, eosinophilic pneumonitis

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23
Q

Ascariasis intestinal phase

A

Malnutrition, migration, intestinal obstruction, worm burden

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24
Q

Raised ?? commin in helminth infection

A

Eosinophils

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25
Q

Ascariasis diagnosis

A

Stool/blood sample, X-ray, USS, CTI/MRI

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26
Q

Ascariasis treatment

A

Albendazole - Benzimidazole (prevents glucose absorption by worm)

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27
Q

Ascariasis control

A

Improve sanitation, education, deworming

28
Q

Schistosmiasis

A

Macro-parasite, Trematode/fluke, Bilharzia disease

29
Q

Schistosmiasis epidemiology

A

200 million, around freshwater lakes (Africa)

30
Q

Schistosmiasis caused by

A

Schistosoma/snails: S.haematobium, S.mansoni, S.intercallatum, S.japonicum, S.mekongi

31
Q

Schistosmiasis complications

A

Causes chronic renal disease > bladder cancer and liver cirrhosis

32
Q

Schistosmiasis life cycle

A

Male and female mate in bowel > produce eggs > released in faeces/urine > develop/hatch > eaten by snail > reproduce > penetrates skin of humans

33
Q

Schistosmiasis Swimmers itch

A

Lasts few weeks, pain and itching at site (allergic reaction)

34
Q

Schistosmiasis Katayama fever

A

General malaise, fever

35
Q

Chronic Schistosmiasis presentation

A

Persist for years, distended stomach effects of eggs in distant sites - spine and lung

36
Q

Urinary complications of Schistosmiasis (S. haematobium)

A

Haematuria, bladder fibrosis and dysfunction, squamous cell bladder cancer (due to eggs)

37
Q

Hepatic/intestinal Schistosmiasis

A

(S. mansoni, S. intercallatum, S. japonicum, S.mekongi) Portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis

38
Q

Schistosmiasis urinary diagnosis

A

Terminal stream microscopy and serology

39
Q

Schistosmiasis hepatic/intestinal diagnosis

A

Stool microscopy, rectal snip microscopy, serology

40
Q

Schistosmiasis treatment

A

Praziquantel (increased ionic permability tetanic contraction, detachment and death)

41
Q

Hydatid disease

A

Macro-parasite - Cestode/tapeworm

42
Q

Hydatid disease host

A

Sheep and dogs, human accidental host

43
Q

Hydatid disease caused by

A

Echinococcus (E. granulosus - cystic and E.multilocularis - alveolar)

44
Q

Hydatid disease lifecycle

A

Liver > lungs > form hydatid cysts

45
Q

Hydatid disease clinical

A

Cysts liver and lung, asymptomatic for years, mass effect, secondary bact infection, cyst rupture > shock and death

46
Q

Hydatid disease diagnosis

A

Imagining and serology

47
Q

Hydatid disease control

A

Regularly worm dogs (reduce eggs), hand hygiene, safe disposal of animal carcasses

48
Q

Malaria

A

Micro-parasite, protoza, sporozoan

49
Q

4 species of Malaria (Plasmodium)

A
  1. P. falciparum
  2. P. vivax
  3. P.ovale
  4. P.malariae
50
Q

Which species of malaria is most clinically significant?

A

P. falciparum (most severe infections > death)

51
Q

Malaria epidemiology

A

300-500 million people/year, 1-3 million deaths/year

52
Q

Malaria life cycle

A

Anopheles as a vector, injects parasite into RBC, sporozites enter liver, replicates until cells so heavy they rupture, asexual phase

53
Q

Malaria clinical

A

Parasites ruputure RBC > block capillaries and cause inflammation, fevers and rigors (alternate days), cerebral malaria (confusion, headache, coma), renal failure (black water fever), hypoglycaemia, pulmonary oedema, circulatory collapse, anaemia, bleeding and DIC

54
Q

Malaria diagnosis

A

Thick and thin microscopy, serology (antigen), PCR (malarial DNA)

55
Q

Malaria control

A

Insecticide spraying, larvicidal spraying, filling in of breeding pools

56
Q

Crypotsporidiosis

A

Micro-parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum and hominis, sporozoan

57
Q

Crypotsporidiosis transmission

A

human - human with animal resevoir (cattle, sheep, goats), faecal-oral

58
Q

Crypotsporidiosis lifecycle

A

Direct, oocysts passed in stools contaminating water

59
Q

Crypotsporidiosis incubation

A

2-10 days

60
Q

Crypotsporidiosis clinical

A

Watery diarrhoea with mucus, bloating, cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting

61
Q

Crypotsporidiosis severity

A

Self-limiting, severe - young, old and immunocompromised (HIV)

62
Q

Crypotsporidiosis diagnosis

A

Faeces sample - acid fast staining, antigen detection by EIA

63
Q

Crypotsporidiosis treatment

A

Rehydration, Nitazoxainde (Immunocompromised - paromomycin)

64
Q

Common anti-protozoal treatment

A

Metronidazole, Pentamidine, Nitazoxanide, Pyrimethamine, Anti malarials

65
Q

Common anti-helminthic treatment

A

Albendazole, Mebendazole, Ivermectin, Praziquantel

Clinical Pathology (60 decks)

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