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Clinical Pathology > Core Haematology - Introduction (34) > Flashcards

Core Haematology - Introduction (34) Flashcards

1
Q

Haematology

A

Biology and pathology of cells that normally circulate in the blood

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2
Q

Haemopoiesis

A

Physiological developmental process that gives rise to cellular components of blood

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3
Q

Haemopoietic stem cell

A

Differentiation potential for all lineages, high proliferative potential, self renewal, long term activity

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4
Q

2 Haemopoietic lineages

A
  1. Myeloid

2. Lymphoid

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5
Q

Myeloid

A

Granulocytes (WBC), erythrocytes (RBC), platelets

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6
Q

Lymphoid

A

B and T cells (WBC)

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7
Q

RBC life span

A

120 days

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8
Q

Neutrophil life span

A

6-10 hours

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9
Q

What day of embryology does haemopoiesis start?

A

Day 27

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10
Q

Where does haemopoiesis start?

A

Aorta gonad mesonephros region (expands rapidly day 35, then disappear day 40 > foetal liver)

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11
Q

Blood cell function

A

O2 transport, coagulation, immune response to infection/abnormal cells (senescent, malignant)

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12
Q

RBC

A

Bi-concave discs, 7.5um diameter, contain Hb

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13
Q

Anaemia

A

Reduced RBC

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14
Q

Polycythaemia

A

Raised RBC

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15
Q

Relative polycythaemia

A

Plasma vol is reduced

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16
Q

Function of WBC/leukocytes

A

Immunity and host defence

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17
Q

Granulocytes

A

Cytoplasmic granules - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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18
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytes, most common, live for few hours

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19
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Increased neutrophils (bacteria infection/inflammation)

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20
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decreased neutrophils (drug side effect)

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21
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Increased number (parasitic infection, allergies)

22
Q

Basophils

A

Rare, part of primitive immune system

23
Q

Basophilia

A

Increased numbers (chronic myeloid leukaemia)

24
Q

Monocytes

A

Phagocytic and antigen presenting cells, migrate to cells then are macrophages/histiocytes (Kuppfer cells in liver, Langherhans cells in skin)

25
Q

Monocytosis

A

Increased monocytes (TB)

26
Q

Natural killers

A

Innate immune system, large granular lymphocytes , recognise ‘non-self’ (viruses)

27
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

Adaptive immune system, rearrange Ig genes > antigen specific antibody production, humoral immunity

28
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

Adaptive immune system, rearrange T-cell antigen receptor, cell-mediated immunity, cytotoxicity target-specific, interact with B cells and macrophages, regulate immune responses

29
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Increases numbers of lymphocytes (atypical lymphocytes of glandular fever, CLL)

30
Q

Lymphopenia

A

Decreased numbers of lymphocytes (post bone marrow transplant)

31
Q

Plasmacytosis

A

Increased plasma cells (infection, myeloma)

32
Q

Platelets derived from

A

Bone marrow megakaryocytes

33
Q

Platelets function

A

Aggregate to plug holes in damaged blood vessels

34
Q

4 subdivisions of haematology clinical practice

A
  1. Coagulation
  2. Malignant
  3. Non-malignant
  4. Transfusion
35
Q

Diagnostic tests

A

FBC, Blood film/smear, coagulation screen

36
Q

FBC

A

Hb conc, RBC (MCV, MCHb), WCC, Platelet count

37
Q

Coagulation screen

A

Time taken for clot to form when plasma is mixed with specific reagents

38
Q

Coagulation screen types

A
  1. Prothrombin time
  2. Activated partial thromboplastin time
  3. Thrombin time
39
Q

Bone marrow aspirate

A

Local anaesthetic, liquid marrow from posterior iliac crest and a trephine core biopsy taken with hollow needle

40
Q

Blood specimen

A

EDTA anticoagulated blood - mixed well, [K2EDTA] = 1.5-2.2 mg ml-1, filled to line

41
Q

Reference range

A

Set of values for a given test that incorporate 95% of normal population

42
Q

Sensitivity

A

Abnormal results correctly classified by the test, expresses ability to detect a true abnormality

43
Q

Sensitivity calculation

A

True positive/(TP + false neg)

44
Q

Specificity

A

Normal results, ability to exclude abnormal results in healthy person

45
Q

Specificity calculation

A

True negative/(TN + false pos)

46
Q

Classification of Microcytic hypochromic anaemia

A

MCV

47
Q

Causes of Microcytic hypochromic anaemia

A

Iron deficiency, thalassaemia, anaemia of chronic disease, lead poisoning, sideroblastic anaemia

48
Q

Classification of Normocytic normochromic anaemia

A

MCV 80-95 fl and MCH > 27 pg

49
Q

Causes of Normocytic normochromic anaemia

A

Many haemolytic anaemias, anaemia of chronic disease, after acute blood loss, renal disease, mixed deficiencies, bone marrow failure (post-chemo infiltration by carcinoma)

50
Q

Classification of macrocytic anaemia

A

MCV >95 fl

51
Q

Causes of megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

A

Vit B12/folate deficiency

52
Q

Classification of non-megaloblastic anaemia

A

Alcohol, liver disease, myelodysplasia, aplastic anaemia

Clinical Pathology (60 decks)

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