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Clinical Pathology > Core Microbiology - Antivirals (3) > Flashcards

Core Microbiology - Antivirals (3) Flashcards

1
Q

Acute viral infection

A

RNA - doesn’t survive long

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2
Q

Examples of acute viral infections

A

Influenza, measles, mumps, hep A

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3
Q

Chronic viral infection

A

DNA based, latent or persistent

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4
Q

Chronic latent virus examples

A

Herpes simplex, CMV

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5
Q

Chronic persistent virus examples

A

HIV, Hep B, Hep C

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6
Q

Virus structure

A

Nucleic acid core (DNA/RNA), protein (coat, enzymes), lipid envelope

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7
Q

Virus replication

A
  1. Attaches to cell (receptor)
  2. Cell entry
  3. Virus uncoating
  4. Early proteins produced (enzymes)
  5. Replication
  6. Late transcription/translation
  7. Viral assembly
  8. Virus release
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8
Q

Polymerases

A
  1. DNA > DNA (eukaryotes, DNA virus)
  2. DNA > RNA (eukaryotes, DNA virus)
  3. RNA > RNA (RNA virus)
  4. RNA > DNA (retrovirus, HBV)
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9
Q

Nucleotide

A

Base, ribose sugar, triphosphate

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10
Q

Azidothymidine (AZT)

A

Inhibits HIV replication (Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor)

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11
Q

NRTIs - pyrimidine analogues

A
  1. Thymidine analogues - Zidovudine

2. Cytosine analogues - Lamivudine

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12
Q

NRTIs - Purine analogues

A

(Adenine and Guanidine) Abacavir, Tenofovir

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13
Q

HBV

A

Contains reverse transcriptase enzymes - Lamividine and Tenofovir

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14
Q

NNRTIs

A

Anti-retrovrius, Efavirenz, Nevirapine

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15
Q

Protease inhibitors

A

Atazanavir, Darunavir, Fospamprenavir, Lopinavir, Nelfinavir, Ritonavir, Saquinavir

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16
Q

Viruses use of proteases

A

Have their own to make them into enzymes and function normally

17
Q

HIV protease

A

Aspartate

18
Q

New HIV drugs

A
  1. Fusion inhibitor
  2. Integrase inhibitors
  3. Chemokine receptor anatgonists
19
Q

Fusion inhibitors

A

Mimic proteins that allow viruses to fuse with membrane (Enfuviritide)

20
Q

Integrase inhibitors

A

Raltegravir

21
Q

Chemokine receptor antagonists

A

Maraviroc (CCR-5) blocking helps prevent entry

22
Q

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

A

2 NRTIs+NNRTI/2 NRTIs + boosted PI

Started when CD4 falls, switch off virus replication, taken life long, suppression >10 years achieved

23
Q

Problems with HAART

A

Liver toxicity and triglyceride problems (heart disease)

24
Q

HIV cure

A

Suppressed on antivirals, CD4 lymphocytes destroyed by conditioning, stem cells, antiviral therapy stopped

25
Q

Hep C virus

A

Interferons and Ribavirin, not have interferon free regimens >90% cure

26
Q

Interferon problems

A

Depression, flu-like symptoms, not directly acting non-specific

27
Q

Aciclovir

A

Nucleoside anaylogue, phosphorylated by HS thymidine kinase

HSV and VZV

28
Q

Ganciclovir

A

CMV

29
Q

Oseltamivir and Zanamavir

A

Neuraminidase inhibitor (Influenza)

30
Q

Ribavirin

A

Hep C virus and RSV

31
Q

Interferons

A

Hep C virus and Hep B virus

Clinical Pathology (60 decks)

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