Coordination Flashcards
What is coordination?
- the ability to produce accurate and controlled movement
- smooth, rhythmical interaction of muscle function
characteristics of coordination
- controlled by cerebellum influenced by extra-pyramidal system
- all neurotransmitters must be intact
- requires contraction of correct agonist muscles and simultaneous relaxation of correct antagonist muscles, together with joint fixators and synergist muscles
- in addition: proprioception, body scheme, ability to judge space and direct body parts through space to target
What is the extrapyramidal system?
- part of motor system involved in maintaining equilibrium, muscle tone, posture, coordination and reflexes (involuntary)
- a set of symptoms called extrapyramidal symptoms can occur e.g. after intake of drugs or substances
what are coordinated movements characterized by?
- smoothness
- rhythm
- appropriate speed
- sequenced
- appropriate muscle tension
- appropriate postural tone
- equilibrium
- refinement of minimal number of muscle groups
categories of coordination
hand/ and bilateral - clapping - typing hand/ eye - catching a large ball - threading a needle hand (unilateral) - beating in time - typing with one hand hand/ foot - sewing with electrical machine - drop a small ball and kick foot/ foot - walking - dancing foot/ eye - kicking a large ball - kicking a ball through narrow post
describe coordination between body parts
unilateral - move left arm and right arm separately bilateral - move both arms together, then legs - move left arm and leg contra-lateral - left arm and right leg
define fine coordination
smooth and harmonious action of groups of muscles working together to produce a desired motion
what are fine motor skills
the ability to use the eyes, hands and fingers together in carrying out precise movements that are necessary for performing a variety of activities
what do fine motor skills consist of?
- grips/ grasps
- eye-hand coordination
- bilateral hand function
- in-hand manipulation
what is in-hand manipulation?
the adjustment of objects in the hand after grasp without the help of the other hand.
- consists of translation (palm to finger, finger to palm), shift , simple (rolling or turning an object on the finger pads at approximately 90 degrees or less (opening a bottle)) and complex rotation (rotation of an object 180-360 degrees once or repetitively)
what is eye-hand coordination?
the ability of the visual system to coordinate the information received from the brain through the eyes to guide, control and direct hands in executing a task such as writing, cutting and threading
what is bilateral coordination?
- the integration of skillful use of the two sides of the body
- bilateral hand function is the use of both hands together to accomplish an activity
+ both hands in the same direction
+ hands in opposite directions
+ one hand supportive
+ hands different direction
+ foot-foot
what is ‘shift’ in in-hand manipulation?
linear movement of an object on finger surface to allow for repositioning of the object on the pads of the fingers
- lacing, buttoning
describe incoordination
- extraneous, uneven or inaccurate movement
- irregularity in rate of movement
- excessive force
- incorrect sequencing
- sudden corrective movement
what are causes of incoordination?
- cerebellar disorders
- extra-pyramidal disorders
- non-cerebellar causes
+ injuries to muscles and peripheral nerves
+ lesions of the posterior columns of the spinal cord
+ lesions of the frontal and post central cerebral cortex - abnormal muscle tone
+ hyper-tonicity
+ hypotonia
+ fluctuation tone