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OTCA 2634 > Coordination > Flashcards

Coordination Flashcards

1
Q

What is coordination?

A
  • the ability to produce accurate and controlled movement

- smooth, rhythmical interaction of muscle function

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2
Q

characteristics of coordination

A
  • controlled by cerebellum influenced by extra-pyramidal system
  • all neurotransmitters must be intact
  • requires contraction of correct agonist muscles and simultaneous relaxation of correct antagonist muscles, together with joint fixators and synergist muscles
  • in addition: proprioception, body scheme, ability to judge space and direct body parts through space to target
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3
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system?

A
  • part of motor system involved in maintaining equilibrium, muscle tone, posture, coordination and reflexes (involuntary)
  • a set of symptoms called extrapyramidal symptoms can occur e.g. after intake of drugs or substances
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4
Q

what are coordinated movements characterized by?

A
  • smoothness
  • rhythm
  • appropriate speed
  • sequenced
  • appropriate muscle tension
  • appropriate postural tone
  • equilibrium
  • refinement of minimal number of muscle groups
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5
Q

categories of coordination

A 
hand/ and bilateral
- clapping
- typing
hand/ eye
- catching a large ball
- threading a needle
hand (unilateral)
- beating in time
- typing with one hand
hand/ foot
- sewing with electrical machine
- drop a small ball and kick
foot/ foot
- walking
- dancing
foot/ eye
- kicking a large ball
- kicking a ball through narrow post
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6
Q

describe coordination between body parts

A 
unilateral
- move left arm and right arm separately
bilateral
- move both arms together, then legs
- move left arm and leg
contra-lateral
- left arm and right leg
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7
Q

define fine coordination

A

smooth and harmonious action of groups of muscles working together to produce a desired motion

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8
Q

what are fine motor skills

A

the ability to use the eyes, hands and fingers together in carrying out precise movements that are necessary for performing a variety of activities

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9
Q

what do fine motor skills consist of?

A
  • grips/ grasps
  • eye-hand coordination
  • bilateral hand function
  • in-hand manipulation
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10
Q

what is in-hand manipulation?

A

the adjustment of objects in the hand after grasp without the help of the other hand.
- consists of translation (palm to finger, finger to palm), shift , simple (rolling or turning an object on the finger pads at approximately 90 degrees or less (opening a bottle)) and complex rotation (rotation of an object 180-360 degrees once or repetitively)

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11
Q

what is eye-hand coordination?

A

the ability of the visual system to coordinate the information received from the brain through the eyes to guide, control and direct hands in executing a task such as writing, cutting and threading

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12
Q

what is bilateral coordination?

A
  • the integration of skillful use of the two sides of the body
  • bilateral hand function is the use of both hands together to accomplish an activity
    + both hands in the same direction
    + hands in opposite directions
    + one hand supportive
    + hands different direction
    + foot-foot
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13
Q

what is ‘shift’ in in-hand manipulation?

A

linear movement of an object on finger surface to allow for repositioning of the object on the pads of the fingers
- lacing, buttoning

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14
Q

describe incoordination

A
  • extraneous, uneven or inaccurate movement
  • irregularity in rate of movement
  • excessive force
  • incorrect sequencing
  • sudden corrective movement
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15
Q

what are causes of incoordination?

A
  • cerebellar disorders
  • extra-pyramidal disorders
  • non-cerebellar causes
    + injuries to muscles and peripheral nerves
    + lesions of the posterior columns of the spinal cord
    + lesions of the frontal and post central cerebral cortex
  • abnormal muscle tone
    + hyper-tonicity
    + hypotonia
    + fluctuation tone
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16
Q

what are the assessment principles for coordination?

A
  • allow sequence e.g. proximal-distal and gross to fine
  • stabilize joints proximal to distal during functional tasks, note differences in client performance ( can try weights - note affect)
  • proximal stability= distal mobility
  • cautious where there is serious coordination problems due to increased risk of falling
  • assess muscle tone and joint mobility first
  • ensure client is emotionally calm, anxiety may impact on client’s performance
17
Q

common signs of cerebellum dysfunction?

A
  • ataxia
  • dysdiachokinesis
  • dysmetria
  • dyssynergia
  • rebound phenomenon of holmes
  • nystagmus
  • dysarthria
18
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of voluntary movement, resulting in smooth, and balanced muscular activity

19
Q

define dysdiadochokinesis

A
  • inability to perform rapid alternating movements such as pronation and supination
  • preston test: count cycles ( full repetition of pronation and supination) in 10 sec time frame, test unaffected first
20
Q

define dysmetria

A

inability to control muscle length which results in overshooting or pointing past an object

21
Q

define dyssynergia

A

decomposition of movement. The lack of synergic action between agonists and antagonists produce jerky movements

22
Q

define nystagmus

A
  • involuntary movement of eyeballs ( up-and-down, back-and-forth, or rotating direction)
  • it interferes with head control and fine adjustments required for balance
23
Q

define dysarthria

A

explosive or slurred speech caused by incoordination of the speech mechanism

24
Q

define ataxia

A

delayed initiation of movement responses, errors in range and force of movement, errors in rete and regularity of movement

25
Q

what is ataxic gait?

A

staggering, wide-based gait wit reduced or no arm swing. Step-length uneven, tendency to fall

26
Q

what is rebound phenomenon of holmes

A

lack of ‘check reflexes’ to stop the motion to avoid striking something

27
Q

what characterizes extrapyramidal disorders?

A

hypokinesia
- difficulty initiating movement
hyperkinesia
- restless, unable to remain still

28
Q

what are examples of extrapyramidal disorders?

A
  • chorea
  • athetoid movements
  • dystonia
  • ballism
  • tremor
29
Q

define athetoid movements

A

continuous, slow, wormlike arrhythmic movements, primarily affect the distal portions of the extremities, same pattern in same individual and not present during sleep (cerebral anoxia, Wilson’s disease)

30
Q

define dystonia

A

persistent posturing of the extremities e.g. hyperextension of wrist, often seen in conjunction with spasticity

31
Q

define chorea

A

irregular, jerky, quick, purposeless, involuntary movements of variable distribution. May occur during sleep ( Huntington’s disease)

32
Q

define ballism

A

unilateral violent, forceful, sudden flinging movements of the axial and proximal musculature
- it usually occurs on one side of the body (hemiballism)

33
Q

define tremors

A

resting
- occurs at rest, stops at initiation of voluntary movement ( disease of basal ganglia e.g. Parkinson’s)
intention
- occurs during voluntary movement, client may have difficulty performing tasks that require accuracy and precision of limb placement e.g. drinking from a cup
essential family
- inherited and visible when fine precision tasks are being carried out

34
Q

define bradykinesia

A

poverty of movement

35
Q

what is posterior column dysfunction?

A
  • romberg sign
    + inability to maintain standing balance with feet together and eyes closed (count seconds)
    + loss of balance is a positive sign of romberg’s sign
36
Q

conditions where incoordination may occur

A
  • parkinson’s disease
  • amputations
  • burns-around joints
  • poor vision
  • multiple sclerosis
  • upper motor neuron problems e.g. CVA and head injury
  • lower motor neuron injuries: brachial plexus, medial nerve, ulnar or radial nerve

OTCA 2634 (17 decks)

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