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6-FA- Production diseases > Controlling ketosis > Flashcards

Controlling ketosis Flashcards

1
Q

List 6 things that ketosis makes cows more at risk to

A

RFM
LDA
metritis
lameness
mastitis
culling/death

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1
Q

define subclinical ketosis

A

bloob BHB >1.2mmol/L
no clinical signs

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2
Q

define clinical ketosis

A

bloob BHB >3mmol/L
clinical signs

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3
Q

describe type 1 ketosis

A

occurs at peak lactation and related to failure to meet energy demands of milk production
occurs due to insufficient gluconeogenic pre-cursors (e.g. underfeeding)

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4
Q

describe type 2 ketosis

A

Occurs soon after calving and is associated with excessive fat mobilisation.
This is often associated with hepatic lipidosis.

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5
Q

describe type 3 ketosis

A

Feeding of poor-quality butyric silage (carbohydrates are fermented to butyric acid rather than lactic acid) results in butyric acid being converted to BHB in the rumen

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6
Q

how can you prevent type 1 ketosis

A

management of nutrition during lactation to ensure demands are met

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7
Q

how can you prevent type 2 ketosis

A

management of nutrition in transition period to maximise DMI and minimise NEB

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8
Q

how can you prevent type 3 ketosis occuring

A

management of silage to ensure adequate fermentation

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9
Q

describe how to prevent pregnancy toxaemia

A

management of nutrition in late gestation

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10
Q

what are the rules to follow when working out energy requirement in cows

A

Maintenance ~ 10% bodyweight MJ ME/d
Lactation ~ 5MJ ME/L

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11
Q

List the 2 ways Acetyl-CoA is produced

A

glycolysis of sugars
oxidation of fatty acids

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12
Q

How does hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver) occur

A

associated with type 2 ketosis

Circulating NEFAs exceed liver capacity for processing
Re-esterified and deposited in hepatocytes as triacylglycerol (TAG)
Larger deposits of TAG can interfere with hepatic function
Exacerbates NEB

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13
Q

what is the prognosis of hepatic lipidosis

A

can be fatal - if allowed to progress too much

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14
Q

describe how type 3 ketosis occurs

A

when silage has low sugar and high nitrate content

Clostridial bacteria predominate –> ferment carbohydrate to butyric acid (not lactic acid)
Butyric acid converted to BHB in rumen –> hyperketonaemia

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15
Q

when does type 1 ketosis tends to occur

A

4-8 weeks after calving
peak lactation

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16
Q

when does type 2 ketosis occurs

A

in the first 1-2 weeks after calving

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17
Q

when does type 3 ketosis occur

A

at any time - due to it being linked to silage

18
Q

List the clinical signs of ketosis

A

off food
milk drop
can smell ketones

nervous ketosis- RARE–> animals can be aggressive

19
Q

Describe how to diagnose ketosis

A

BHB- can be done cow side
NEFAs- serum/plasma- needs referral to external lab

20
Q

Which is more useful for diagnosing ketosis after calving BHB or NEFAs

A

BHB

21
Q

which is more useful for testing ketosis before calving BHB or NEFAs

A

NEFAs - better for herd monitoring

22
Q

what are the thresholds for BHB with ketosis

A

Subclinical ketosis > 1.2 mmol/L- needs treating
Clinical ketosis > 3.0 mmol/L

23
Q

how can urine be used to diagnose ketosis

A

Measures urine concentration of acetoacetic acid - not BHB
cheap and easy - good for herd level monitoring
can be time consuming

24
Q

T/F in high yielding cows BHB is produced more than acetoacetic acid

A

True

25
Q

Describe how you diagnose hepatic lipidosis

A

often presumptive based on severity and duration of ketosis present
liver biopsy-
until large portion of liver affected- liver parameters may not change

26
Q

what is propylene glycol

A

Gluconeogenic precursor

27
Q

how much propylene glycol do you give to ketotic animal

A

300g once daily for 3-5 days (by mouth)

28
Q

when would you use glucocorticoids to treat ketosis

A

Sometimes used in severe cases if nothing else is working

28
Q

what are the evidence based recommended treatment for subclinical ketosis

A

Propylene glycol 300g for 3-5 days per os

28
Q

what are the evidence based recommended treatment for clinical ketosis

A

Propylene glycol 300g for 3-5 days per os
+
500 mL 50% dextrose IV in severely affected cases (e.g. nervous ketosis)

29
Q

what species does pregnancy toxaemia affect

A

sheep
goats
can occur in beef

30
Q

how does pregnancy toxaemia occur

A

Energy demands of late pregnancy exceed supply- seen before lambing

31
Q

How do you tell the difference between pregnancy toxaemia and hypocalcaemia in sheep

A

Can’t- so generally treating both

32
Q

what are the signs of pregnancy toxaemia

A

off feed
dull and depressed
nervous signs (blindness)
death

33
Q

what can outbreaks of pregnancy toxaemia be caused by

A

sudden changes in management - especially diet

34
Q

how to treat pregnancy toxaemia

A

propylene glycol - 100ml once a day or 60mls twice a day
supplement with calcium and phosphorus
can consider inducing lambs - but takes 24hrs
paraenteral glucose

35
Q

describe ketosis in camelids

A

uncommon
associated with hyperglycaemia

36
Q

how do you diagnose ketosis in camelids

A

Measure NEFAs, BHB and triglycerides for diagnosis
But do not apply ruminant reference ranges

37
Q

what is the prognosis of pregnancy toxaemia

A

good to hopeless depending on stage of disease

38
Q

How does glucose get into the blood stream in cows

A

In the rumen VFAs are formed by the bacteria
VFAs are used by the liver to produce glucose which is then absorbed into the blood stream

39
Q

Describe how type 2 ketosis occur

A

increased lipolysis and increased circulating NEFAs around calving
increased number of NEFAs means the liver can’t cope and fat is deposited here
because of the increased fat, gluconeogenesis reduces and ketones are produced
increased circulating ketones

40
Q

how do glucocorticoids help with ketosis

A

promotes gluconeogenesis and stimulates appetite

6-FA- Production diseases (13 decks)

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