Control Punishment And Victims

Question 1

Clarke stituational crime prevention

Answer 1

Situational crime prevention is a pre-emptive approach that reducing the opportunity for crime instead of improving institutions
-this period is based on rational choices assuming that the offender weigh up costs/benefits before committing a crime

Question 2

3 measure of crime prevention Clark by Clark

Answer 2

• aimed at specific crimes involves managing/altering environment
  -Increasing the effort or risk of crime
  - target hardening measures like locking doors increases the effort burglar has to put in

Question 3

Chaiken et al - displacement

Answer 3

• situation prevention measures don’t reduce crime they simply displace it
  -This placement, spatial temporal target tactical and functional

Question 4

Evaluation of situational crime

Answer 4

-only works to an extent most slightly
- Tends to focus on opportunistic petty crimes instead of harmful crimes
- Makes assumption that criminals use rational decisions, violent crimes committed under the influence

Question 5

Social and community crime prevention

Answer 5

• social and community emphasis on potential offender and social context
• these strategies remove the conditions that predisposed people into crime in the first place
  -Tackling root cause such as property unemployment and poor housing instead of removing opportunities

Question 6

The Perry preschool project

Answer 6

-Community program reduce criminality for disadvantage black children group of 3 to 4 year old offered two year intellectual and Richmond program weekly home visits
- Longitudinal study follow their progress and the control group with those at age 40 who did the program having few arrest for violent property crime and drugs more employed in grad

Question 7

Zero tolerance policing Wilson and Kelling

Answer 7

• twofold strategy where environmental improvement means broken windows are adjusted immediately
  -every sign of disorder is addressed and no matter its seriousness

Question 8

Zero tolerance policy evidence

Answer 8

• NY success clean car program immediately took away cars with graffiti and returned once cleaned
  -Lowered the amount of graffiti on Subway while other programs tackled for dodging drug dealing and begging

Question 9

Reduction justifies punishment

Answer 9

— acts as deterrence
— act as rehabilitation
-Incapacitation

Question 10

Retribution

Answer 10

Retribution is payback justification for punishing crimes rather than preventing
Based on idea that offenders deserve to be punished society entitled to revenge

Question 11

Functionless view on punishment

Answer 11

• uphold social solidarity reinforced shared value
  -punishment is an expression of moral outrage at offence rein firms so

Question 12

Dirheim type of Justice

Answer 12

Retributive and restitutive

Question 13

Dirheim retributive

Answer 13

• Little specialisation in traditional society solidarity based in individual similar
• Makes first strong collective conscious that responds to offenders with ventral passion punishment purely expressive

Question 14

Deem restitutive justice

Answer 14

• there is extensive specialisation in modern society
  Solidarity based on in interdependence has to be repaired through compensation
  Restitutive because it restores things to how they were

Question 15

Marxist view on punishment

Answer 15

• maintaining existing social order
• part of RSA and is a means of depending class

Question 16

Rusche and kircheimer

Answer 16

Each type of economy has corresponding penal system like money fines not being possible without money economy
Under capitalism imprisonment becomes the dominant punishment type

Question 17

Melossi and pavarnini

Answer 17

Imprisonment reflects catalyst relations of production because a price is on workers time and both prison and the capitalist factory have same stroke disciplinary style of subordination

Question 18

New labour after 1997

Answer 18

-prison not just for serious offenders but for persistent petty offenders too
-this is the number of prisons in England and Wales to double 80,000
- Lead to overcrowding poor sanitation shortages not enough education

Question 19

Imprisonment today

Answer 19

Most severe sort of punishment is imprisonment
-Doesn’t rehabilitate offenders 2/3 will reoffend
Populism punishment politicians sought popularity by calling for tougher sentences