Class Power And Crime

Question 1

Functionalism

Answer 1

• laws are a reflection of society shared values
• not everyone is equally socatised
• modern society have a complex divion of labour - subculture
• b miller lower class have own subculture with clashes with main stream

Question 2

Strain theory

Answer 2

• deviant behaviour happen when opportunity are blocked to achieve legitimate
• Merton American structure deny w/c of achieving legitimate money success
• find illegitimate ways of achieving this - innovation

Question 3

Subculture theory

Answer 3

• like strain w/c lack legitimate mean to achieve
• w/c are culturally deprived - bottome of the social heirachy leads to status frustration
• subculture solution to status frustration by inverting values

Question 4

Labelling theory

Answer 4

• reject official statistics are useful
• seek causes of why w/c are labelled eg stereotype / typification
• crime stats are a constructi9n we must investigate by studying power control agency

Question 5

Crimogenic capitalism

Answer 5

• capitalism by very nature causes crime , ruling class exploit w/c at whatever human cost
• give rise to crime : poverty only means of survival ; only way to obtain goods advertised ; alienation non utilarian crime
• also cause white collar crime , dog eat dog system, win at all cost

Question 6

Gordon

Answer 6

Crime is a rational response to capitalist system hence is found in all classes

Question 7

Chambliss-

Answer 7

Laws to protect private property are corner stone of capitalism, example in British east colony
- intrested in tea and coffee but needed plantation workers
- colony economy not money , so British introduced tax payable by cash
- tax money only eared by working - thus law on,y serve the higher classes

Question 8

Selective enforcement

Answer 8

• powerless groups such as w/c are criminalised the courts ignore crimes of the powerful

Question 9

Ideological function of law and crime

Answer 9

• laws crime , criminal play ideological function
• passed occasionally to benifit worker and give capitalism a caring face

Question 10

Pearce

Answer 10

• laws often benifit the ruling class , keep worker happy + give capitalism a caring face - maintain false class consciousness
• not rigousl6 enforced law against corp homocide 2007 only one successful prosecution in 8yr
• arrest selective, media display criminal as disturbed

Question 11

Evaluation - Marx

Answer 11

• ignore crime and non class inequality
• too deterministic
• crim just it’s system acts against capitalist class

Question 12

The new criminology- Taylor et al

Answer 12

• agree with Marxist - cap based on exploitation- state selects and enforces law - classless society
• how’re also critism non and Marxistveiw
• put forward critical criminology

Question 13

Anti determinism

Answer 13

• Taylor etal Marxism is too determin
• take volturaristic veiw - crime is a meanin&ul action taken by the actor
• often has a political motive - redistribution of wealth
• crime not passive , strive for change

Question 14

A full social theory of deviance

Answer 14

• a full compressive explanation of crime and deviance would change soci3ty for t(e better
• two main sources of: Marx idea of unequal distribution of wealth : idea from Interactionalist effects of a deviant label

Question 15

A complete theory of deviance six aspects

Answer 15

• wider origins
• immediate orgins
• act itself
• immediate orgin of societal reaction
• wider orgins
• effects of labelling

Question 16

Valuation of critical criminology

Answer 16

• gender blind
• romantises w/c crime

Question 17

Sunderland white collar crime

Answer 17

• coin term white collar crime , challenge stereotype that just w/ccrim
• however doesn’t distinguish between the two types - occupational ;corporate
• many of t(e harms caused by corporate crime do not breaks criminal law.

Question 18

Tomb pearse

Answer 18

• widen definition of white collar crime
• any illegal act or omission result of a deliberate or cuprable negligence by a legitimate business intended to benifit the business

Question 19

Scale of corporate crime

Answer 19

White collar crime estimated to be 10 x more common than ordinary crime

Question 20

Tomb

Answer 20

• corporate crime has physical , environmental and economic effects
  It is wide spread pervasive and routine

Question 21

Financial crim

Answer 21

• tax espvasion bribery money laundering illegal accounting
• victims : other companies taxpayer and government

Question 22

Crimes against consumers

Answer 22

• false labelling sell unfit goods
• ## 2011 French gov recommend women with poly implants prothese remove filled dangerous silicon

Question 23

Crime against employees

Answer 23

• sexual and racial discrimination violations of wage law health and safety law

Question 24

Statecoprate crimes

Answer 24

Harms committed when business and state work together increasingly important private companies work with government
Private companies accuse nth of toucherbof detainee during the American occupation of Iraq

Question 25

Carribine et al

Answer 25

• we entrust high status professionals: finances security + personal info this all can be abused
• kpmg - admitte£ to tax fraud paid $456 mas fine , Ernest young fraud - cost tax payer £300 mil per year
• professional also can be employed by criminal launder forgery inflate fees

Question 26

Abuse of trust case Shipman

Answer 26

• murderd 15 patients over 23 yr old, believed to be more
• 1976 convicted of obtaining opiate pethidine - forgery and deception also obtained enough morphine to kill 360 people - only given a warning
• this violates trust , Sunderland suggest why this is greater issue

Question 27

Media - invisible corporate crime

Answer 27

• give limited coverage
• describe corporate crime as sanitised use language embezzlement = accounting irregularities, defrauding = miss selling death = accidents

Question 28

Lack of political will

Answer 28

• tough on crime is focused on street crime

Question 29

De labelling

Answer 29

• corporate crime is filtered out from criminalisation seen as civil matter
• fines are handed out rather than jail time
• 2010 French authorities list of 3600 British who had secret bank accounts, only one prosecution

Question 30

Under reporting

Answer 30

• victim is society at a large rather than one person so head to identify
• even if vict8m is not aware they may not regard it as a crime
• may feel powerless against big corporations

Question 31

Strain theory and corporate crime

Answer 31

• box apply strain to company - when company can not achieve goal of legally max profit may employ illegal ones , when a company becomes more difficult to maintain may breach law
• Yeager and clinard - laws are violated by latge company increase when company finance deteriorate

Question 32

Sunderland differentiation association theory

Answer 32

• learn crime from Attitudes - if culture justify crime to gain; corporate goals employee will be socialised int9 this
• deviant subculture
• techniques of neural isation - individuals deviate more easily if they produce justification to neutralise moral objection

Question 33

Labelling theory

Answer 33

• cirocourel - m/c can negotiate out of label
• nelken - de- delabelling , business have power to avoid label , have lawyers and accountant
• may be a reluctance of inability of law enforcement to procecure

Question 34

Marx - corporate crime

Answer 34

• cop rate crime is normal fiction of capitalism, goal is to max profits lead to harm
• box - mystification- ideology corporate belive it is less widespread. / harmful - capitalism control t(e state so chooses when to enforce / prosecute