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Microbiology Exam 2 > Control Of Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Control Of Microbial Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is the father of antiseptic surgery ?

A

Lister

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2
Q

Who is the father of the concept of microbial growth?

A

Semmelweis

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3
Q

What are the 3 ways to control microbial growth?

A
  1. Physical & chemical methods
  2. Chemotherapeutic drugs
  3. Immune system & vaccines
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4
Q

What are the 2 physical and chemical methods?

A
  • disinfectants
  • antiseptics
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5
Q

What are the 2 chemotherapeutic drugs?

A
  • antibiotics
  • synthetic drugs
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6
Q

What are the 3 immune system and vaccine methods ?

A
  • non-specific mechanism
  • specific mechanism
  • prevention
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7
Q

What does sepsis mean?

A

Refers to bacterial contamination

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8
Q

What does asepsis mean?

A

The absence of significant contamination

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9
Q

Does aseptic surgery fall under the word asepsis?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Why does aseptic surgery fall under the word asepsis?

A

Because we use techniques to prevent microbial contamination

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11
Q

Is asepsis sterile? And why?

A

No, because it is only decreasing the amount of microbes there to prevent problems

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12
Q

What does disinfection mean?

A

The process in which the vegetative harmful microbial forms are destroyed

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13
Q

Does disinfection include endospores or viruses?

A

No

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14
Q

When you are disinfecting something, is it sterile?

A

No

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15
Q

Does disinfection kill everything? Why?

A

No, because it’s only reducing and inhibition of growth

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16
Q

What are disinfectants used on?

A

Chemicals used on inanimate objects

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17
Q

What does antiseptic mean?

A

They are used against infection
( killing microbes on living tissues, doesn’t kill endospores )

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18
Q

Where do we use antiseptic?

A

Chemical disinfection of living tissues

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19
Q

Is antiseptics a disinfect? And why?

A

Yes, because it doesn’t kill everything on living tissues

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20
Q

What’s the big different from disinfections and antiseptic?

A

Disinfection - inanimate objects
Antiseptic - living tissues

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21
Q

Why do we not use disinfectant on living tissues?

A

Because they are too irritating on living tissues

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22
Q

What are some examples of disinfectants? (3)

A
  • bleach
  • Clorox
  • Lysol
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23
Q

What are some examples of antiseptics? (3)

A
  • alcohol
  • hydrogen peroxide
  • Betadine
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24
Q

What does sterilization mean?

A

The process in which ALL life forms of microbial life are destroyed, including prions

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25
Q

Does sterilization include endospores and viruses?

A

Yes

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26
Q

Are there degrees/ levels to sterility?

A

No, it’s either sterilize or not

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27
Q

How do we test if something is sterilize?

A

If it kills clostridium botulinum endospores ( prototype ^ )

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28
Q

What does germicide mean?

A

A chemical agent in which kills microbes but not the endospores

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29
Q

Does germicide kill endospores?

A

No

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30
Q

Whenever you see “cide” at the end of a word, what should you look for?

A

The killing of something

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31
Q

What are examples of words ending in “cide”, and it’s meaning (2)

A

Bacteria cide - killings bacterial
Fungi cide - kills fungi

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32
Q

What does degerming mean?

A

Removal of transient microbes from skin

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33
Q

How does degerming happen?

A

via mechanical cleansing or
Use of an antiseptic

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34
Q

When does degerming usually occur?

A

Prior to injections / surgery

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35
Q

What does sanitization mean?

A

Reductions of pathogens on food service items

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36
Q

When does sanitization happen?

A

By mechanical cleansing or chemicals

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37
Q

Do chemicals have to be safe when sanitization happens?and why?

A

Yes, because we are expecting to eat it after

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38
Q

What is the difference between sterilization and germicide?

A

Sterilization - ALL dies & Endospores
Germicide - KILLS all but not endospores

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39
Q

What is the difference between degerming and sanitization ?

A

Degerming - removing microbes on skin

Sanitization - reducing microbes on food

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40
Q

Will all food have microbes?

A

Yes, we can’t kill everything

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41
Q

What does bacteriostatic mean?

A

Process of inhibiting the growth of bacteria

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42
Q

Does bacteriostatic kill the bacteria? And why

A

No, it just prevents it growth

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43
Q

What is an example bacteriostatic? (3)

A
  • refrigeration
  • certain chemicals
  • certain antibiotics
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44
Q

What is bacteriocidal?

A

Agents that kill microorganism

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45
Q

How does bacteriocidal occur?

A

Via chemical or physical methods

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46
Q

What are some examples of bacteriocidal ? (3)

A
  • autoclaving
  • certain antibiotics
  • glutaraldehyde
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47
Q

Is hypotonic solution bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

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48
Q

Why is hypotonic solution bacteriostatic ?

A

Because we are only shrinking the bacteria, making it smaller and harder to grow

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49
Q

when we use penicillin, is it bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriocidal

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50
Q

Why is it bacteriocidal when we use penicillin ?

A

Because we are killing the cross bridges that bacteria uses to live ( a cell wall )

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51
Q

Why do we give a patient bacteriostatic treatment?

A

Because if we can control the growth, their immune system is going to kick it and control the infection

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52
Q

What are the 4 things to consider when are using chemical or physical agents to control microbial growth?

A
  • temperature
  • type of microbe
  • physiological state & number of microbes
  • cell environment
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53
Q

What is the rule for temperature?

A

It is better to disinfect at room or higher temperatures than at Cold ones

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54
Q

Why is it better to disinfect at higher / room temperature?

A

Because more chemicals reactions can occur to reduce microbes

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55
Q

What happens when we are at lower temperatures for bacteria?

A

It decreases rates of microbial growth

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56
Q

What is an example of lower temperature that helps reduce microbial growth?

A

Refrigerator

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57
Q

What are the 2 main things to remember about temperature ?

A
  • chemical reactions increase when we disinfect in higher temperatures
  • refrigeration decreases the rate of microbial growth
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58
Q

Is refrigeration a bacteriostatic effect? And why?

A

Yes it is, because it’s only lowering the microbial growth, not killing it

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59
Q

Why is it important to know the type of microbe?

A

Because some microbes require certain things to be killed
( such as chemical, temp, etc )

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60
Q

What is the most resistant form microbe ?

A

Endospores

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61
Q

If a patient has E. coli? What methods are we going to use to get rid of it? ( provide examples 2 )

A

Regular forms of disinfections and sterilization
- Lysol
- alcohol
- etc

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62
Q

If a patient had TB ( tubercles ), how are we doing to disinfect and sterilize the room?

A
  • MAINLY FOCUS ON WHERE MYCOBACTERIA IS AT

We have to focus on where and what the patient has TOUCHED or WORN, to proper disinfect the room

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63
Q

What are the 5 most resistant microbes?

A
  • fungal spores
  • mycobacteria
  • some virus (HBV )
  • staphylococcus
  • pseudomonas
64
Q

What is the least resistant microbe?

A

Vegetative cells

65
Q

Why is pseudomonas so dangerous ?

A

Because it’s so resistant and can be found in disinfecting bottles

66
Q

Why is it important to know the physiological state and number of microbes?

A

Because we can kill them more in LOG phase when they are more susceptible

67
Q

When are viruses more susceptible to be killed when we know their physiological state and number of microbes?

A

Undergoing replication

68
Q

Why is it important to know the cell environment ?

A

Because some organic matter can protect it from disinfections

69
Q

What does cell environment mean?

A

Where and what is surrounding the cell

70
Q

Can pH effect the cells environment from disinfections?

A

Yes

71
Q

What are some examples of pH that can effect a bacteria? (3)

A
  • blood
  • urine
  • vomit
72
Q

What are the 3 ways that microbial control agents do on a microbe?

A
  • alter membrane permeability
  • damage to protein and nucleic acids
  • inhibit cell wall synthesis
73
Q

What happens when we alter membrane permeability?

A
  • it changes the cell membrane and without membrane; the bacteria dies
74
Q

What happened when damage to proteins and nucleic acids? (2)

A
  • denaturation of proteins
  • breakdown of nucleic acids
75
Q

What happened when we inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A
  • they inhibit cell wall synthesis of new cell wall
76
Q

You have a patient room, and are responsible for sterilizing a patient mattress who has had Ebola ? What 3 microbial agent is best for this?

A

Ebola is a virus !!
- doesn’t have cell membrane or cell wall

So 2, damaging proteins and nucleic acids

77
Q

What are the 7 physical methods to control growth?

A
  • moist heat
  • dry heat
  • filtration
  • cold
  • desiccation
  • osmotic pressure
  • radiation
78
Q

What’s a slogan that can help you remember the 7 physical control growth methods

A

Mr.
Dragon
Fucks
Cute
Deja
On
Roller skates

79
Q

Why is moist heat the best way to control microbial growth?

A

Because proteins will coagulate ( denature ) faster & easier

80
Q

What are the 3 methods of killing bacteria with heat ?

A
  • boiling
  • autoclave
  • pasteurization
81
Q

What’s an example of moist heat ?

A

Boiling, pot roasting

82
Q

Is boiling water disinfecting or sterilizing?

A

Disinfection, doesn’t fully kill endospores

83
Q

What is consider boiling water that is disinfected?

A

100C at sea level for 10 mins

84
Q

Does boiling water kill endospores?

A

No, but it takes longer to boil them

85
Q

What is happening inside the boiling water to the bacteria?

A

Breaks the hydrogen bonds in proteins

86
Q

What is the most effective way to sterilize anything?

A

Autoclave

87
Q

What is an autoclave

A

It is steam under pressure

88
Q

So if autoclave is steam under pressure does that mean higher temperature?

A

Yes

89
Q

What’s the most important temperature in sterilizing of autoclave?

A

121 C

90
Q

What’s the most important psi, to sterilize something in an autoclave

A

15 psi

91
Q

For how long does 15psi, or 121 C autoclave, will it take to kill everything?

A

20 minutes

92
Q

What is the limitation of autoclave?

A
  • heat sensitive materials

( You literally can’t put people who are infected )

93
Q

What is the perfect example for using autoclaves? (2)

A
  • metal
  • glass
94
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

Using of heat to destroy microbes
( mainly used in wine or beer )

95
Q

Is pasteurization sterilize or disinfect?and why ?

A

Disinfection because it doesn’t kill everything

96
Q

What was the old pasteurization of milk?

A

63C for 30 minutes

97
Q

What is the new method of pasteurization of milk

A

72C for 15 seconds

98
Q

What does HTST

A

High temperature
Short time pasteurization

99
Q

Is pasteurization important for foods? And why?

A

Yes!!!!! Because it disinfects the food by using heat

100
Q

What was the most famous outbreak that didn’t get pasteurized? And how?

A

Salmonella ( apple juice )

Apple fell on the ground
Watering the ground
Water on apple
Farm animals walked on ground
So apples had salmonella
Sold apples
Outbreak!

101
Q

What is moist sterilization?

A

UHT - ultra high temperature that sterilizes

102
Q

What does UHT mean?

A

Ultra high temperature

103
Q

What is mainly used when we do moist sterilization?

A

Milk and cheeses

104
Q

How long does it take for moist sterilization?

A

4 seconds

105
Q

What is the temperature needed for moist sterilization to occur?

A

140 C

106
Q

Why do we use moist sterilization?

A
  • obviously to sterilize
  • and the store milk and cheese at room temperature
107
Q

Does pasteurization need refrigeration?

A

Yes

108
Q

Does moist sterilization need refrigeration?

A

No

109
Q

What is dry heat in physical methods to control growth?

A

Does not have water, but denature proteins

110
Q

How does dry heat denature proteins?

A

By oxidation reactions

111
Q

What are 2 examples of dry heat?

A

Incineration
Hot air sterilization

112
Q

What does incineration mean

A

Direct burning, flaming

113
Q

What is an example of hot air sterilization

A

Ovens

114
Q

What temperature does it take for hot air sterilization to happen

A

170c

115
Q

How long does it take for hot air sterilization to happen

A

2-3 hours

116
Q

What’s the difference between moist heat and dry heat?

A

Moist heat is faster
Dry heat is slower

117
Q

Where do you see dry heat ovens? (2)

A

In dentist offices

Blue light oven manicures

118
Q

What is filtration in physical methods to control growth ?

A

The passing of liquid or gas through a material with pores small enough to retain bacteria

119
Q

What is filtration often used for?

A

Heat sensitive material that can’t go in autoclave

120
Q

What are examples of filtration (3)

A

Vaccines
Antibodies & antibiotics
Air filtration

121
Q

What does air- HEPA mean?

A

High efficiency particulate air fliters

122
Q

What is the pore size to remove bacteria

A

0.22 um

123
Q

What is the pore size to remove viruses?

A

0.01 um

124
Q

Is filtration sterilize or disinfects?

A

Sterilization

125
Q

When you are in a burn patient room, is the air being filtered ? And why?

A

Yes, because anything can infect them

126
Q

What are life straws?

A

Filtration that removes pathogens in water so it becomes drinking water

127
Q

What is the size of life straws filters?

A

0.2mm

128
Q

What is cold or freezing in physical Methods to control growth?

A

The reduction of replicating microbes

129
Q

What are the exceptions of cold microbes that don’t limit themselves?

A

Psychrophiles and Psychrotropes

130
Q

Is cold basteriostatic? Why?

A

Yes cause it doesn’t kill everything

131
Q

What is the refrigeration temperature to reduce bacteria?

A

0-7 C

132
Q

Can a freezer kill bacteria?

A

No, it just stops growth

133
Q

What does desiccation mean , to physical methods to control microbial growth?

A

Drying, removing water from bacteria will inhibit growth

134
Q

Does everything need water for metabolic growth?

A

Yes

135
Q

Is desiccation Bacteriostatic or bacteriocide ?

A

Bacteriostatic

136
Q

What are the 2 things that are resistant to desiccation?

A
  • capsules
  • endospores / viruses
137
Q

Can desiccation vary from each bacteria? And why

A

Yes, some are more resistant than others

138
Q

What makes capsules and endospores different when it comes to desiccation?

A

Capsules are short period of time

Endospores are longer time

139
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Putting bacteria in a high concentration of salt and sugar

140
Q

What is the purpose of osmotic pressure?

A

Preservation method for foods

141
Q

What does osmotic pressure create?

A

A hypertonic environment

142
Q

What happens in a hypertonic environment created by osmotic pressure ( define )

A

Osmotic pressure is higher on the outside of the microwave,

which then leads the water to leave the cell, ultimately causing plasmolysis

and prevents replication

143
Q

Is osmotic pressure, bacteriostatic or bacteriocide ?

A

Bacteriostatic

144
Q

What is the rule for osmotic pressure?

A

If the food is more salted, the bacteria go into a hypertonic solution and die

145
Q

What are examples of hypertonic foods?

A

Honey
Salted meat

146
Q

What are the two kinds of radiation?

A

Gamma radiation and UV light

147
Q

What is another name for gamma radiation?

A

Ionizing

148
Q

What’s another name for uv light radiation?

A

Nonionizing

149
Q

Does gamma radiation sterilize?

A

Yes

150
Q

What are examples of ionizing raidtion? (2)

A

X rays
Gamma rays

151
Q

How does sterilization of gamma radiation work?

A

Exposing material
Cause production of high free radicals

152
Q

Where do we use gamma raidtion? (4)

A

Surgical gloves
IV lines
Dental & medical supplies
Food perseveration

153
Q

What’s the most common radiated food before it get shelf ( to store, for it to buy )

A

Ground beef

154
Q

Where do we use UV light radiation?

A

UV bulb, Lamps in hospitals & laboratories

155
Q

How does nonionizing radition work?

A

Damages dna -> thymine dimer

156
Q

What is the big difference between ionizing and nonionizing?

A

Ionizing - sterilization / gamma

Non ionizing - disinfect / UV light

Microbiology Exam 2 (10 decks)

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