Control Of Microbial Growth Flashcards
1
Q
Who is the father of antiseptic surgery ?
A
Lister
2
Q
Who is the father of the concept of microbial growth?
A
Semmelweis
3
Q
What are the 3 ways to control microbial growth?
A
- Physical & chemical methods
- Chemotherapeutic drugs
- Immune system & vaccines
4
Q
What are the 2 physical and chemical methods?
A
- disinfectants
- antiseptics
5
Q
What are the 2 chemotherapeutic drugs?
A
- antibiotics
- synthetic drugs
6
Q
What are the 3 immune system and vaccine methods ?
A
- non-specific mechanism
- specific mechanism
- prevention
7
Q
What does sepsis mean?
A
Refers to bacterial contamination
8
Q
What does asepsis mean?
A
The absence of significant contamination
9
Q
Does aseptic surgery fall under the word asepsis?
A
Yes
10
Q
Why does aseptic surgery fall under the word asepsis?
A
Because we use techniques to prevent microbial contamination
11
Q
Is asepsis sterile? And why?
A
No, because it is only decreasing the amount of microbes there to prevent problems
12
Q
What does disinfection mean?
A
The process in which the vegetative harmful microbial forms are destroyed
13
Q
Does disinfection include endospores or viruses?
A
No
14
Q
When you are disinfecting something, is it sterile?
A
No
15
Q
Does disinfection kill everything? Why?
A
No, because it’s only reducing and inhibition of growth
16
Q
What are disinfectants used on?
A
Chemicals used on inanimate objects
17
Q
What does antiseptic mean?
A
They are used against infection
( killing microbes on living tissues, doesn’t kill endospores )
18
Q
Where do we use antiseptic?
A
Chemical disinfection of living tissues
19
Q
Is antiseptics a disinfect? And why?
A
Yes, because it doesn’t kill everything on living tissues
20
Q
What’s the big different from disinfections and antiseptic?
A
Disinfection - inanimate objects
Antiseptic - living tissues
21
Q
Why do we not use disinfectant on living tissues?
A
Because they are too irritating on living tissues
22
Q
What are some examples of disinfectants? (3)
A
- bleach
- Clorox
- Lysol
23
Q
What are some examples of antiseptics? (3)
A
- alcohol
- hydrogen peroxide
- Betadine
24
Q
What does sterilization mean?
A
The process in which ALL life forms of microbial life are destroyed, including prions
25
Does sterilization include endospores and viruses?
Yes
26
Are there degrees/ levels to sterility?
No, it’s either sterilize or not
27
How do we test if something is sterilize?
If it kills clostridium botulinum endospores ( prototype ^ )
28
What does germicide mean?
A chemical agent in which kills microbes but not the endospores
29
Does germicide kill endospores?
No
30
Whenever you see “cide” at the end of a word, what should you look for?
The killing of something
31
What are examples of words ending in “cide”, and it’s meaning (2)
Bacteria cide - killings bacterial
Fungi cide - kills fungi
32
What does degerming mean?
Removal of transient microbes from skin
33
How does degerming happen?
via mechanical cleansing or
Use of an antiseptic
34
When does degerming usually occur?
Prior to injections / surgery
35
What does sanitization mean?
Reductions of pathogens on food service items
36
When does sanitization happen?
By mechanical cleansing or chemicals
37
Do chemicals have to be safe when sanitization happens?and why?
Yes, because we are expecting to eat it after
38
What is the difference between sterilization and germicide?
Sterilization - ALL dies & Endospores
Germicide - KILLS all but not endospores
39
What is the difference between degerming and sanitization ?
Degerming - removing microbes on skin
Sanitization - reducing microbes on food
40
Will all food have microbes?
Yes, we can’t kill everything
41
What does bacteriostatic mean?
Process of inhibiting the growth of bacteria
42
Does bacteriostatic kill the bacteria? And why
No, it just prevents it growth
43
What is an example bacteriostatic? (3)
- refrigeration
- certain chemicals
- certain antibiotics
44
What is bacteriocidal?
Agents that kill microorganism
45
How does bacteriocidal occur?
Via chemical or physical methods
46
What are some examples of bacteriocidal ? (3)
- autoclaving
- certain antibiotics
- glutaraldehyde
47
Is hypotonic solution bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
Bacteriostatic
48
Why is hypotonic solution bacteriostatic ?
Because we are only shrinking the bacteria, making it smaller and harder to grow
49
when we use penicillin, is it bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?
Bacteriocidal
50
Why is it bacteriocidal when we use penicillin ?
Because we are killing the cross bridges that bacteria uses to live ( a cell wall )
51
Why do we give a patient bacteriostatic treatment?
Because if we can control the growth, their immune system is going to kick it and control the infection
52
What are the 4 things to consider when are using chemical or physical agents to control microbial growth?
- temperature
- type of microbe
- physiological state & number of microbes
- cell environment
53
What is the rule for temperature?
It is better to disinfect at room or higher temperatures than at Cold ones
54
Why is it better to disinfect at higher / room temperature?
Because more chemicals reactions can occur to reduce microbes
55
What happens when we are at lower temperatures for bacteria?
It decreases rates of microbial growth
56
What is an example of lower temperature that helps reduce microbial growth?
Refrigerator
57
What are the 2 main things to remember about temperature ?
- chemical reactions increase when we disinfect in higher temperatures
- refrigeration decreases the rate of microbial growth
58
Is refrigeration a bacteriostatic effect? And why?
Yes it is, because it’s only lowering the microbial growth, not killing it
59
Why is it important to know the type of microbe?
Because some microbes require certain things to be killed
( such as chemical, temp, etc )
60
What is the most resistant form microbe ?
Endospores
61
If a patient has E. coli? What methods are we going to use to get rid of it? ( provide examples 2 )
Regular forms of disinfections and sterilization
- Lysol
- alcohol
- etc
62
If a patient had TB ( tubercles ), how are we doing to disinfect and sterilize the room?
- MAINLY FOCUS ON WHERE MYCOBACTERIA IS AT
We have to focus on where and what the patient has TOUCHED or WORN, to proper disinfect the room
63
What are the 5 most resistant microbes?
- fungal spores
- mycobacteria
- some virus (HBV )
- staphylococcus
- pseudomonas
64
What is the least resistant microbe?
Vegetative cells
65
Why is pseudomonas so dangerous ?
Because it’s so resistant and can be found in disinfecting bottles
66
Why is it important to know the physiological state and number of microbes?
Because we can kill them more in LOG phase when they are more susceptible
67
When are viruses more susceptible to be killed when we know their physiological state and number of microbes?
Undergoing replication
68
Why is it important to know the cell environment ?
Because some organic matter can protect it from disinfections
69
What does cell environment mean?
Where and what is surrounding the cell
70
Can pH effect the cells environment from disinfections?
Yes
71
What are some examples of pH that can effect a bacteria? (3)
- blood
- urine
- vomit
72
What are the 3 ways that microbial control agents do on a microbe?
- alter membrane permeability
- damage to protein and nucleic acids
- inhibit cell wall synthesis
73
What happens when we alter membrane permeability?
- it changes the cell membrane and without membrane; the bacteria dies
74
What happened when damage to proteins and nucleic acids? (2)
- denaturation of proteins
- breakdown of nucleic acids
75
What happened when we inhibit cell wall synthesis?
- they inhibit cell wall synthesis of new cell wall
76
You have a patient room, and are responsible for sterilizing a patient mattress who has had Ebola ? What 3 microbial agent is best for this?
Ebola is a virus !!
- doesn’t have cell membrane or cell wall
So 2, damaging proteins and nucleic acids
77
What are the 7 physical methods to control growth?
- moist heat
- dry heat
- filtration
- cold
- desiccation
- osmotic pressure
- radiation
78
What’s a slogan that can help you remember the 7 physical control growth methods
Mr.
Dragon
Fucks
Cute
Deja
On
Roller skates
79
Why is moist heat the best way to control microbial growth?
Because proteins will coagulate ( denature ) faster & easier
80
What are the 3 methods of killing bacteria with heat ?
- boiling
- autoclave
- pasteurization
81
What’s an example of moist heat ?
Boiling, pot roasting
82
Is boiling water disinfecting or sterilizing?
Disinfection, doesn’t fully kill endospores
83
What is consider boiling water that is disinfected?
100C at sea level for 10 mins
84
Does boiling water kill endospores?
No, but it takes longer to boil them
85
What is happening inside the boiling water to the bacteria?
Breaks the hydrogen bonds in proteins
86
What is the most effective way to sterilize anything?
Autoclave
87
What is an autoclave
It is steam under pressure
88
So if autoclave is steam under pressure does that mean higher temperature?
Yes
89
What’s the most important temperature in sterilizing of autoclave?
121 C
90
What’s the most important psi, to sterilize something in an autoclave
15 psi
91
For how long does 15psi, or 121 C autoclave, will it take to kill everything?
20 minutes
92
What is the limitation of autoclave?
- heat sensitive materials
( You literally can’t put people who are infected )
93
What is the perfect example for using autoclaves? (2)
- metal
- glass
94
What is pasteurization?
Using of heat to destroy microbes
( mainly used in wine or beer )
95
Is pasteurization sterilize or disinfect?and why ?
Disinfection because it doesn’t kill everything
96
What was the old pasteurization of milk?
63C for 30 minutes
97
What is the new method of pasteurization of milk
72C for 15 seconds
98
What does HTST
High temperature
Short time pasteurization
99
Is pasteurization important for foods? And why?
Yes!!!!! Because it disinfects the food by using heat
100
What was the most famous outbreak that didn’t get pasteurized? And how?
Salmonella ( apple juice )
Apple fell on the ground
Watering the ground
Water on apple
Farm animals walked on ground
So apples had salmonella
Sold apples
Outbreak!
101
What is moist sterilization?
UHT - ultra high temperature that sterilizes
102
What does UHT mean?
Ultra high temperature
103
What is mainly used when we do moist sterilization?
Milk and cheeses
104
How long does it take for moist sterilization?
4 seconds
105
What is the temperature needed for moist sterilization to occur?
140 C
106
Why do we use moist sterilization?
- obviously to sterilize
- and the store milk and cheese at room temperature
107
Does pasteurization need refrigeration?
Yes
108
Does moist sterilization need refrigeration?
No
109
What is dry heat in physical methods to control growth?
Does not have water, but denature proteins
110
How does dry heat denature proteins?
By oxidation reactions
111
What are 2 examples of dry heat?
Incineration
Hot air sterilization
112
What does incineration mean
Direct burning, flaming
113
What is an example of hot air sterilization
Ovens
114
What temperature does it take for hot air sterilization to happen
170c
115
How long does it take for hot air sterilization to happen
2-3 hours
116
What’s the difference between moist heat and dry heat?
Moist heat is faster
Dry heat is slower
117
Where do you see dry heat ovens? (2)
In dentist offices
Blue light oven manicures
118
What is filtration in physical methods to control growth ?
The passing of liquid or gas through a material with pores small enough to retain bacteria
119
What is filtration often used for?
Heat sensitive material that can’t go in autoclave
120
What are examples of filtration (3)
Vaccines
Antibodies & antibiotics
Air filtration
121
What does air- HEPA mean?
High efficiency particulate air fliters
122
What is the pore size to remove bacteria
0.22 um
123
What is the pore size to remove viruses?
0.01 um
124
Is filtration sterilize or disinfects?
Sterilization
125
When you are in a burn patient room, is the air being filtered ? And why?
Yes, because anything can infect them
126
What are life straws?
Filtration that removes pathogens in water so it becomes drinking water
127
What is the size of life straws filters?
0.2mm
128
What is cold or freezing in physical Methods to control growth?
The reduction of replicating microbes
129
What are the exceptions of cold microbes that don’t limit themselves?
Psychrophiles and Psychrotropes
130
Is cold basteriostatic? Why?
Yes cause it doesn’t kill everything
131
What is the refrigeration temperature to reduce bacteria?
0-7 C
132
Can a freezer kill bacteria?
No, it just stops growth
133
What does desiccation mean , to physical methods to control microbial growth?
Drying, removing water from bacteria will inhibit growth
134
Does everything need water for metabolic growth?
Yes
135
Is desiccation Bacteriostatic or bacteriocide ?
Bacteriostatic
136
What are the 2 things that are resistant to desiccation?
- capsules
- endospores / viruses
137
Can desiccation vary from each bacteria? And why
Yes, some are more resistant than others
138
What makes capsules and endospores different when it comes to desiccation?
Capsules are short period of time
Endospores are longer time
139
What is osmotic pressure?
Putting bacteria in a high concentration of salt and sugar
140
What is the purpose of osmotic pressure?
Preservation method for foods
141
What does osmotic pressure create?
A hypertonic environment
142
What happens in a hypertonic environment created by osmotic pressure ( define )
Osmotic pressure is higher on the outside of the microwave,
which then leads the water to leave the cell, ultimately causing plasmolysis
and prevents replication
143
Is osmotic pressure, bacteriostatic or bacteriocide ?
Bacteriostatic
144
What is the rule for osmotic pressure?
If the food is more salted, the bacteria go into a hypertonic solution and die
145
What are examples of hypertonic foods?
Honey
Salted meat
146
What are the two kinds of radiation?
Gamma radiation and UV light
147
What is another name for gamma radiation?
Ionizing
148
What’s another name for uv light radiation?
Nonionizing
149
Does gamma radiation sterilize?
Yes
150
What are examples of ionizing raidtion? (2)
X rays
Gamma rays
151
How does sterilization of gamma radiation work?
Exposing material
Cause production of high free radicals
152
Where do we use gamma raidtion? (4)
Surgical gloves
IV lines
Dental & medical supplies
Food perseveration
153
What’s the most common radiated food before it get shelf ( to store, for it to buy )
Ground beef
154
Where do we use UV light radiation?
UV bulb, Lamps in hospitals & laboratories
155
How does nonionizing radition work?
Damages dna -> thymine dimer
156
What is the big difference between ionizing and nonionizing?
Ionizing - sterilization / gamma
Non ionizing - disinfect / UV light
