control of growth

Question 1

what is an autoclave set to?

Answer 1

121 degrees Celsius, 15 PSI, for 15 minutes

Question 2

what does an autoclave do?

Answer 2

sterilizes, kills spores of Geobacillus Stearothermophiles

Question 3

what is UV-C?

Answer 3

a germicidal light, shortest wavelength, thymine dimer-mutants (skin cancer)

Question 4

what are the types of non-chemical methods of controlling growth?

Answer 4

1.autoclave
2.UV-C
3.O3 (ozone gas)
4.ethylene oxide gas
5.gamma radiation

Question 5

what are the chemical methods of controlling growth?

Answer 5

1.disinfectants
2.antiseptics
3.antimicrobials

Question 6

what is a disinfectant?

Answer 6

controls growth, only safe on inanimate objects (disrupt membranes, clump proteins)

Question 7

what is an antiseptic?

Answer 7

disinfectant safe for human tissues (beta-dine, which hazel, H2O2)

Question 8

what is an antimicrobial?

Answer 8

attacks against a microbe, mode of action specific (selective toxicity)

Question 9

who found the first ABO, penicillin inhibits growth of bacteria?

Answer 9

Alexander flemming

Question 10

who found prontosil (sulfa drug), the first antimicrobial that was used in world war 2 selectively?

Answer 10

Bayer

Question 11

what did Mary Hunt (moldy Mary) find?

Answer 11

discovered that cantaloupe produced penicillin and was given to troops injectable, saved many lives

Question 12

what is bacteriostatic?

Answer 12

stops/inhibits growth (total cell count and viable cell count are horizontal)

Question 13

what is bacteriolytic?

Answer 13

cells die and pop open (viable cell count and total cell count go down)

Question 14

what is bactericidal?

Answer 14

kills cells (total cell count stays the same, viable cell count goes down)

Question 15

what are the antimicrobial research and development consideration?

Answer 15

1. MIC
2. absorption in the body
3. penetration of tissues
4. elimination in body

Question 16

what has to be true for oral antimicrobials?

Answer 16

1. stable under acidic conditions
2. able to absorbed by intestines into blood stream

Question 17

what enzyme is found in the kidney?

Answer 17

cytochrome p450’s

Question 18

what are the levels of trial for ABO’s

Answer 18

1. lab setting
2. small groups
3. larger groups (placebo)
4. on-going (long term)

Question 19

what are the drug resistance mechanisms?

Answer 19

1. block access to target
2. modify target (mutation)
3. chemically modify drugs
4. efflux

Question 20

what are examples of blocking access to target?

Answer 20

cell membrane, glycocalyx, no protein channel

Question 21

what is an example of modifying target?

Answer 21

MRSA

Question 22

what is an example of chemically modifying the drug?

Answer 22

enzymes to change the drug + make ineffective

Question 23

what is efflux?

Answer 23

pumping the ABO out of the cell (MDR pump)