cell walls

Question 1

what makes up the lateral strength of the glycan backbone? (peptidoglycan)

Answer 1

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuric acid (NAM)

Question 2

how many AA are attached to the tetra peptide?

Answer 2

4 (Ala always attached to NAM)

Question 3

what bacteria have a glycine inter bridge?

Answer 3

gram-positive

Question 4

what makes up the horizontal strength in the peptidoglycan?

Answer 4

-tetrapeptides
-glysine interbrige (gram+)

Question 5

what are optical isomers?

Answer 5

L+D-mirror each other, most carbs are D isomers

Question 6

what is a peptide cross-link?

Answer 6

distance from attachment of one aa to another (NAM-NAG)

Question 7

what is DAP?

Answer 7

diaminopimelic acid (only found in cell walls)

Question 8

what do glycosidic bonds do?

Answer 8

hold together aa

Question 9

what are proteases?

Answer 9

an enzyme that breaks L-L aa bonds
(resistance to proteases are D+L isomers, DAP

Question 10

where does synthesis: making the cell wall start?

Answer 10

in the cytoplasm

Question 11

what seals the glycan backbone?

Answer 11

transglucosidase

Question 12

what do PBP’s do?

Answer 12

cut off NAG+NAM for cell wall, removes a phosphate group allowing bactoprenol to flip

Question 13

what is bactoprenol?

Answer 13

C55, made inside the cell, has phosphate groups that are hydrophobic -> allows movement across membrane

Question 14

what is a park nucleotide?

Answer 14

hydrophilic, NAG+NAM pentapeptide

Question 15

what forms the cross-link after becoming a tetra peptide?

Answer 15

transpeptidase

Question 16

what does PBP stand for?

Answer 16

penicillin binding protein

Question 17

what are the targets in bacterial cell walls?

Answer 17

-NAG+NAM bonds
-transpeptidation
-bactoprenol

Question 18

what are lysosomes?

Answer 18

protect against gram+ bacteria and infections, produced by saliva tears and all mucous membranes

Question 19

who discovered lysosomes?

Answer 19

Alexander Flemming

Question 20

what contain beta-lactams?

Answer 20

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams

Question 21

what are semisynthetic drugs (have been modified in a lab)?

Answer 21

methicillin and amoxicillin

Question 22

what are B-lactam rings?

Answer 22

a site where enzymes can destroy medications

Question 23

what does betalactamase do?

Answer 23

chemically modify the drug, breaks the C-N bond on rings destroying the chemical leading to resistance

Question 24

what medications work against gram+?

Answer 24

natural and semisynthetic penicillins

Question 25

what are haptens?

Answer 25

chemicals too small to elicit an immune reaction

Question 26

what are the symptoms of serum sickness?

Answer 26

rash and anaphylaxis

Question 27

how are cephalosporins categorized<

Answer 27

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
(4 is broader, injectable)

Question 28

what is transpeptidation?

Answer 28

blocks release of terminal AA (Ala)

Question 29

what does VanC do?

Answer 29

puts Serine instead of Ala (modification of target)

Question 30

what does VanA do?

Answer 30

puts lattice acid instead of Ala (modification of target)

Question 31

what attacka glycopeptides?

Answer 31

vancomycin

Question 32

what are resistances of vancomycin?

Answer 32

VRSA, VRE-enterococci

Question 33

what does bacitracin do?

Answer 33

makes it to where phosphate cannot leave or prepare the cell wall, unable to get park nucleotides

Question 34

how is bacitracin best used?

Answer 34

topically-doesn’t penetrate tissues