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RTH 236 > Control of Breathing > Flashcards

Control of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the rhythmic cycle of breathing originate?

A

brainstem (mainly from neurons in the medulla)

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2
Q

What is the DRG?

A

dorsal respiratory group

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3
Q

What does the DRG consist of?

A

inspiratory neurons

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4
Q

What is the VRG?

A

ventral respiratory group

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5
Q

What does the VRG consist of?

A

intermingled inspiratory and expiratory neurons

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6
Q

Where do the DRG neurons send impulses and why?

A

phrenic and external intercostal nerves to provide the main stimulus for inspiration

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7
Q

Where do the inspiratory VRG neurons send impulses?

A
  • some to laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles

- others to diaphragm and external intercostal nerves

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8
Q

Through what nerve do the inspiratory VRG neurons transmit impulses?

A

vagus

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9
Q

Why do the inspiratory VRG neurons send impulses to the laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles?

A

to abduct the vocal cords and increase the diameter of the glottis

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10
Q

Where do the expiratory VRG neurons send impulses?

A

internal intercostal and abdominal expiratory muscles

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11
Q

What is the botzinger complex?

A

assumes that certain populations of inspiratory and expiratory neurons inhibit one another

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12
Q

DRG and VRG neurons fire with rate ___ gradually after expiration ceases, leading to an increasing ramp signal

A

increasing

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13
Q

What does an increasing ramp signal lead to?

A

stronger contraction of inspiratory muscles, smoothly and gradually inflating the lungs

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14
Q

As expiration begins, the inspiratory neurons are ____ and switch off the ____ abruptly

A

inhibited; inspiratory signal

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15
Q

What is the apneustic center?

A

a center in the lower pons that prevents inspiratory ramp signal from being switched off

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16
Q

What is the pneumotaxic center?

A

a center in the upper pons that controls the length of inspiration

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17
Q

What is the hering-breur inflation reflex?

A

stops further inspiration when receptors are stretched

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18
Q

What tidal volumes are the hering-breur inflation reflex activated?

A

> or = to 800-1000

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19
Q

What is the deflation reflex?

A

a sudden collapse of the lung stimulating inspiratory efforts and increases the RR

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20
Q

What nerve is the pathway for the deflation reflex?

A

vagus

21
Q

What head’s reflex?

A

used to maintain large tidal volumes during exercise and is involved in periodic deep sighs during quiet breathing

22
Q

What is the purpose of periodic sighs?

A

help prevent alveolar collapse or atelectasis

23
Q

What reflex is used to stimulate the first breaths of a newborn infant?

A

head’s reflex

24
Q

What do inhaled irritants stimulate?

A

epithelium of large conducting airways that have vagal sensory nerve fibers

25
Q

What happens when the epithelium is stimulated?

A

reflexes of bronchoconstriction, coughing, sneezing, tachypnea and narrowing of glottis

26
Q

Stimulation of the reflexes in the epithelium causes what?

A

laryngospasm, bronchospasm, coughing and slowing of HR

27
Q

What are J receptors?

A

c-fibers in the lung parenchyma near pulmonary capillaries

28
Q

How are J receptors stimulated?

A
  • pneumonia
  • CHF
  • edema
29
Q

Stimulation of the J receptors causes?

A
  • rapid, shallow breathing
  • sensation of dyspnea
  • expiratory narrowing of the glottis
30
Q

What are proprioreceptors?

A

receptors that are found in muscles, tendons and joints. also pain receptors found in skin and muscle

31
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

receptors that are stimulated by an increase in H+ in the blood and transmit impulses to the medulla, increasing ventilation

32
Q

How are peripherally located chemoreceptors indirectly sensitive to CO2 and hypoxemia?

A

they are sensitive to H+

33
Q

Medullary located chemoreceptors are extremely sensitive to and why?

A

CO2. The H+ surrounding them is dependent on their reaction between CO2 and H2O in their local environment

34
Q

What is the BBB almost impermeable to?

A

H+ and HCO3-

35
Q

What is the BBB freely permeable to?

A

CO2

36
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

small, highly vascular tissues known as the carotid and aortic bodies which increase their firing rate when arterial H+ is increased

37
Q

What nerve do the carotid bodies send their impulses over?

A

glossopharyngeal

38
Q

What nerve do the aortic bodies send their impulses over?

A

vagus

39
Q

What is the ultimate effect of hypoxemia?

A

to increase the neural firing rate of the peripheral chemoreceptors, which increases minute ventilation

40
Q

T/F: increased PaCO2 increases blood H+, directly exciting the carotid bodies and stimulates ventilation

A

true

41
Q

When do the peripheral receptors respond 5 times faster?

A

a rise in arterial H+

42
Q

T/F: if PaCO2 gradually increases over years, the kidneys compensate and keep the pH within normal limits

A

true

43
Q

T/F: chronically hypercapnic patients’ central chemoreceptors experience less stimulation than those of a health person for the same increase in PaCO2

A

true

44
Q

What is cheyne stokes breathing?

A

RR and VT gradually increase and then gradually decrease to complete apnea

45
Q

What is biot’s breathing?

A

normal RR and VT with periods of apnea

46
Q

What does apneustic breathing indicate?

A

damage to the pons

47
Q

What is central reflex hyperpnea?

A

continuous deep breathing

48
Q

T/F: CO2 helps regulate cerbreal blood flow

A

true

RTH 236 (21 decks)

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