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1. Cardiovascular > Control of Arterial Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Control of Arterial Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

outwards pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel wall

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2
Q

What is systolic blood pressure? What is its normal values?

A

pressure exerted on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart contracts
110-130mmHg

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3
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure? What is its normal values?

A

pressure exerted on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart relaxes
60mmHg - 90mmHg

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4
Q

What is mean arterial blood pressure? What is its normal values?

A

average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle
70-105mmHg

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5
Q

How do you calculate MAP?

A 
MAP = DBP + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
MAP = [(2 x diastolic pressure) + systolic pressure] /3
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6
Q

Normal pulse pressure?

A

30-50mmHg

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7
Q

What are the Kortotkoff Sounds?

A

Sounds heard when measuring BP.
1. heart at peak systolic pressure
2 & 3. intermittent sounds are heard as blood pressure exceeds cuff pressure
4. last sound heard at minimum diastolic pressure
5. no sounds heard thereafter due to laminar flow

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8
Q

Consequences of MAP being too high?

A

damage blood vessels and places strain on the heart

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9
Q

Consequences of MAP being too low?

A

cannot perfuse internal organs

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10
Q

What does MAP=??

A

MAP = CO x SVR

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11
Q

What are the main resistance vessels?

A

Arterioles

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12
Q

What causes short term regulation of MAP?

A

Baroreceptor Reflex

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13
Q

What are the sensors, control centre and effectors of the Baroreceptor Reflex?

A

Sensors: baroreceptor
Control Centre: medulla
Effectors: blood vessels and heart

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14
Q

What is Postural Hypotension?

A

Disease resulting in the failure of baroreceptor respose to gravitational shifts in blood when moving from horizontal to vertical

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15
Q

What happens when a person goes from horizontal to vertical?

A
  1. decreased venous return to the heart
  2. decreased MAP
  3. decreased firing rate of baroreceptors
  4. decreased vagal tone
  5. increased sympathetic tone
  6. increased heart rate and stroke volume
  7. increased sympathetic constrictor tone
  8. increased systemic vascular resistance
    The increases sympathetic constrictor tone to the veins increases venous return to the heart and stroke volume, this results in a rapid correction of MAP so an increased heart rate, stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance.
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16
Q

What is the long term regulation of MAP?

A

ECF Volume

17
Q

What is ECF volume made up of?

A

Plasma volume and Interstitial Fluid Volume

18
Q

What factors affect ECFV?

A

Na+ and water levels

19
Q

What regulate the ECFV and how?

A

Hormones by regulating the water and salt balance in our bodies

20
Q

Which hormones regulates the ECFV?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System RAAS, Natriuretic Peptides and Antiduiretic hormones

21
Q

What is the rate limiting step for RAAS?

A

Renin Secretion

22
Q

What does Renin do?

A

released from the kidneys and then stimulates the formation of angiotensin 1 from angiotensinogen

23
Q

What does angiotensin 1 do?

A

converted to angiotensin 2 by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

24
Q

What does angiotensin 2 do?

A

stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex and causes systemic vasoconstriction

25
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

acts on the kidneys to increase sodium and water retention

26
Q

What are Natriuretic Peptides?

A

released in response to cardiac distension or neurohormonal stimuli, they cause excretion of salt and water in the kidneys which therefore reduces blood volume and pressure. They act as vasodilators and reduce BP and SVR.

27
Q

What do Natriuetic Peptides counter regulate?

A

RAAS

28
Q

What are the two types of Natriuetic Peptides released by the heart?

A

Atrial - released in response to atrial distension

Brain - systhesised to serum BNP which can be measured in patients with heart failure

29
Q

What is an Antidiuretic Hormone?

A

from a prehormone precursor synthesised by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituity gland.

30
Q

What stimulates secretion of Antidiuretic Hormones?

A
  1. reduced extracellular fluid volume

2. increased extracellular fluid (Plasma) osmolarity

31
Q

How does Antidiuretic Hormones act in the body?

A

Act in the kidney tubules to increase the reabsorption of water which increases ECFV and PV and therefore increased CO and BP. It also can cause vasoconstriction in blood vessels.

32
Q

What does plasma osmolarity indicate?

A

Relative solute-water balance.

Monitered by osmoreceptors in the brain (close to the hypothalamus)

1. Cardiovascular (30 decks)

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