continuity and change

Question 1

William Walker

Answer 1

Native of Nashville, TN and becomes head of state. born May 1824 and studies at University of Nashville and graduates at age 14. He then moves to California and tries to obtain large amounts of land in Latin America. On october 15, 1853 Walker and 45 men declare land the Republic of Lower CA because it was cut off by the Mexican Government and there was no cultivation of the land. by 1854 Walker is driven out of lower CA and put on trial but was found not guilty. He then continues on in 1855 to obtain Nicaragua with 57 men (“the immortals”). by May 1856, Walker has control of Nicaragua and gets the US to recognize his govt. he tries to bring foreigners into the country by using incentives and takes presidency in 1856. at this time he is becoming less popular so he tries to appeal to the South by saying Nicaragua could be a slave trade. on May 1, 1857 walker is forced to surrender the the US Navy

Question 2

Granada

Answer 2

one of the most important Spanish cities in Nicaragua, where conservatives are

Question 3

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Answer 3

aka commidor Vanderbilt, first begins by trade on ships but then makes a fortune in railroads. He invests in Nicaragua in the 1850s and sets up a railroad and steamboat ships to ferry people across the San Juan River and Lake Nicaragua. Vanderbuilt refuses to pay his taxes to the conservative government, causing the liberals to become angry. in 1855, Liberal agents set out to find an agent to take over Nicaragua, so Walker and 57 men set out to take over the country.

Question 4

Leon

Answer 4

one of the most important Spanish cities in Nicaragua, where most of the liberals are

Question 5

filibusters

Answer 5

a free lance expedition in the mid 19th century where people try to obtain land in Mexico and Latin America

Question 6

“The Immortals”

Answer 6

The 57 men Walker brings with him to take control of Nicaragua.

Question 7

conservatives

Answer 7

the conservatives rule in Nicaragua until 1855 when liberals become angry because they are not enforcing their tax laws. The goals of the conservatives are to maintain social order and coustoms, maintain wealth of the church, have creole elites in charge and replace the king with someone else.

Question 8

Liberals

Answer 8

take over Nicaragua lead by William Walker in 1856. Believe that elites must rule, guarantee new freedoms (e.g. freedom of speech, thought, religion), have elections and checks and balances, no special privileges to clergymen ext. and a free market system

Question 9

caudillismo

Answer 9

the concept that a country is ruled by a strong man. Caudillos arise in Argentina due to the political unrest between the liberals and conservatives . they build patron/client networks, which in turn leads to corruption.

Question 10

Juan Manuel Rosas

Answer 10

Rosas becomes powerful in the 1820s-1830s when he is elected governor in Buenos Aires. In 1833 he takes a group of gauchos to kill indians and leaves his wife behind to promote his cause. Many people then begin seeing Rosas as their savior. He becomes dictator in 1835 with the belief that he can bring the 2 parties of Agrentina together and restore order and forms La Mazorca (secret police). He is then driven from power in 1852 by Brazil and Uruguay and goes to South Hampton as a farmer

Question 11

Benjamin Zeledon

Answer 11

Born in 1879, was a teacher, lawyer, military officer and part of Zelaya’s administration. He was then forced to go into exile with Zelaya because he was a former administrator of war. In 1912, Zeledo sets up a counter attack against the Nicaraguan army in 1912. it appears his army may win until the US marines arrive and he is the only rebel leader left. Zeledon was then killed by the US troops and his body was drug through the streets of Nicaragua

Question 12

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 12

in 1823, president James Monroe adresses congress with the fear that Latin American countries that have just gained independence will be taken over again. the Monroe doctrine states that if any countries try to take the independence of Latin America, the US would intervene but would not mess with the existing colonies. Many believed the doctrine was only for national interest

Question 13

roosevelt corollary

Answer 13

teddy roosevelt addresses the economic instability in latin america december 1904. he says the US holds the right to intervene in the newly independent countries. this is an extension of the monroe doctrine because it is the alternative to the european countries invading. this benefited some organizations because the price of bonds rose

Question 14

dollar diplomacy

Answer 14

coined by Taft saying the US would back the loans of the latin american countries

Question 15

Augusto Cesar Sandino

Answer 15

born in 1894, grew up poor with an extremely difficult life before his father takes him in at age 11. July 1927 Sandino writes a manifesto and tries to gather people together through manliness to drive the US marines out of Nicaragua. he then begins an insurgent war in 1927 against the US marines. Peace is then brokered in 1933 and a liberal is elected to lead Nicaragua

Question 16

Anastasio “Tacho” Somoza

Answer 16

born in 1896 to a wealthy coffee plantation owner. he went to philadelphia for school and became an interpreter for the Americans and Nicaraguans before becoming the leader of the national guard. he maintains control of the guards by making them corrupt (controls gambling and prostitution). he then wins a rigged election in 1937 and rules Nicaragua for 2 decades. Tacho was good at manipulating the US because he supported their foreign policy and allowed them to have military bases in Nicaragua. He also exported and imported many goods to and from US. He is then killed by a Sandino supporter who believed he was avenging Sandino’s death in 1956.

Question 17

good neighbor policy

Answer 17

Because Tacho was so good at manipulating the US, Roosevelt promotes the good neighbor policy that says no US marines will be sent to Latin America anymore. It signified a time of friendship. during the first decades of Tacho’s rule, the US is invading but then begins to support a corrupt government

Question 18

FSLN

Answer 18

Sandinista Front for National Liberation. After Tacho dies, his sons become his successors. After the oldest son dies of a heart attack, Tachito takes control of the Nicaraguan government and runs the country as a police state. Corruption occurs because he takes much of the foreign aid coming into the country for his own benefit. Because of this, the FSLN wants to topple the reign of the Somoza’s. In august 1978, the guerrillas show up dressed as guards and take the congress hostage for 500,000 dollars. In 1979, Tachito looses all support of the people so the FSLN takes over the govt

Question 19

Iran-Contra Scandal

Answer 19

on November 2, 1986, The American government was found to be secretly selling weapons to Iran for the release of prisoners. Ronald Reagan is forced to confront the allegations and says he wanted to end the pursan gulf war and form a relationship with Iran. 12 days after this, the payments were diverted to overthrow the Nicaraguan government

Question 20

Haitian Massacre

Answer 20

In October 1937, Trujillo, the ruler of the dominican republic makes an announcement stating he was going to solve the “haitian problem.” the haitian massacre goes on for 1 week and 10000-20000 haitians were killed. if people said “perejil” with a haitian accent, they were killed. Many of the people that were killed were actually dominican but born to haitian parents. the Anti-haitianism causing this began when the dominican became a slave society due to sugar and the spanish sign a treaty abandoning them to the french who use the dominican as a base to try and take back haiti.

Question 21

Jean-Jaques Dessaline

Answer 21

born in 1778, first ruler of Haiti who becomes emperor in 1805. He then invades dominica in 1801 and 1805 and ransacks many of their cities on the way out of the country

Question 22

Castas

Answer 22

the caste system in the dominican determined by different racial categories based on the concept of whitening skin color

Question 23

Rafael Trujillo

Answer 23

born in 1891 to poor mulatto parents. recruited by marines to be a part of the national guard and becomes the head of the national guard by the late 1920s. he then takes over the dominican using a coup and a hurricane. He seizes power and rules with an iron fist for the next 30 years. he says he is in office to promote happiness. he creates a secret police force (La 42) to take down his enemies. he also reforms the economy by making rice, meat and mill monopolies and civil servants must give 10% of their paycheck to him. he also reforms education to demonstrate the importance of patriotism. Viewed as “el tigre”. assassinated in 1961

Question 24

Angelita

Answer 24

Trujillo’s daughter who was crowned queen at the free worlds fair in 1955-1956. the fair was a 6 month celebration for trujillo’s 25th year in power. the crowning was meant to imitate the crowning of queen elizabeth and demonstrates trujillo’s use of spectacles

Question 25

Ramfis Trujillo

Answer 25

Trujillo’s son, sent to America to go to school but drops out of school and becomes a hollywood playboy

Question 26

Balaguer

Answer 26

A writer, after Trujillo’s death takes over the dominican and dominates until the 1990s, supported by the US

Question 27

Charlemagne Peralte

Answer 27

leader of the Cacos who were considered a group of bandits. the group attacked the gendarmeries (police force) and the US marines between 1918-1920. Peralte is then assassinated and the US marines tied his body to a door as a warning to others planning to protest.

Question 28

Gendarmerie

Answer 28

in 1915, the US takes over port-au-Prince so the US forms the Gendarmerie, a police force that will take control of Haiti when the US leaves

Question 29

Corvee

Answer 29

a local institution for Haitian peasants in the 1870s. it was adopted by the state in the 1860s saying that 3 days per year, peasants must work for the government. the US then enforces the corvee when they take control of haiti and chain the peasants together and force them to work to build roads ext. the corvee caused many oppositions including the guerrilla war that breaks out between the US and Cacos

Question 30

voudou

Answer 30

haitian religion that draws on catholicism and african beliefs Bondye is the supreme god that creates everything and loas are the lower gods people pray to. certain catholic saints become related to the loa and may be considered religious resistance

Question 31

papa doc

Answer 31

born 1907, becomes a medical doctor and discovers the cure to yaws (penicillin) and tells peasants it is a magical potion. through this, he gains popularity in haiti. he then goes to america to study and learns about the discrimination of blacks. He is the elected president in 1957, becomes a dictator and cracks down on all opposition. he then creates a new military and presents himself as a voudou priest worshipping Baron Samedi. During his rule he launches an attack on the catholic church, takes on an anti-communist role and in 1964 is voted to be president for life.

Question 32

baby doc

Answer 32

born in 1951 and takes control of haiti after his father’s death. perceived as a benign monarch and portrayed as an environmentalist. Under his rule, US investment in haiti increases greatly and the US helps to train the haitian military. This money is invested to try and turn haiti into an export economy, but all money going into the country is being pocketed by the elites. Baby Doc embezzles over 500 million dollars and people begin to turn against him when he marries a mulatto. In 1986 he loses control and flees to Paris

Question 33

Dom Sebastiao

Answer 33

in the 1500s he completely vanished while trying to drive the moors out of africa, but many people in portugal and Brail believe in Sebastianism, the idea that dom will come out of hiding and rule portugal again. In the 1830s Pedra Bonita decides to try and bring Dom back. due to this, in 1838, 87 people are sacrificed to summon dom

Question 34

Antonio conselheiro

Answer 34

born in 1830 in North East Brazil from humble background. he marries in 1857 and has children, but abandons his wife and children when she cheats on him in the 1860s. he then begins reading about sebastianism and goes across the countryside preaching to the poor and freed slaves. he begins to acquire followers in the 1870s. in 1877 there is a catastrophic drought, but at this time, conselheiro and his followers create a town called Canudos. many people, including the state are terrified of the town, the town refuses to pay taxes so a siege is sent in them in 1897. Conselheiro then says Dom is about to return so he goes on a fast and dies of starvation

Question 35

Charles Goodyear

Answer 35

born in 1800 in New Haven CT, an inventor who wants to use rubber to make many things. in the 1830-1840s he discovers vulcanization cures and hardens rubber so it maintains its properties at all temperatures. this causes the rubber boon in Manaus in the 1870s-1880s because people come from all over the world to tap the rubber trees. A railroad was also created to transport the rubber from the rainforest to manaus (finished in 1913)

Question 36

Henry Wickham

Answer 36

englishman that transports rubber tree seeds to england and begins plantations for rubber. this caused the rubber industry in the amazon to go bottom up in 1913