Contemporary World Flashcards
What are the 2 types of defining globalization?
Broad and inclusive
Narrow and Exclusive
It is unlimited, free for everyone
Broad and inclusive
he/she stated the “onset of the borderless word”.
Ohmae (1992)
It is limited, not accessible to everyone
Narrow and inclusive
he/she stated “globalization” stend include internalization
Robert Cox
he/ she stated that globalization is a very important change, if not, the “most important”
(Bauman, 2003)
he/she stated The reality and omnipresence of globalization makes us see ourselves as part of what we refer to as the “global age”
(Albrow, 1996)
What is globalization?
globalization encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy, political systems, and culture. Social structures, therefore, are directly affected by globalization.
He stated that globalization as “the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit with somebody on the other side of the world
Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson (2001)
What are the 3 reasons for knowing globalization?
- To be aware of other’s perspective and who define globalization
- To paraphrase sociologists
- Knowing that globalization is reality
It involves a multitude process that involves the economy, political systems, and culture
Globalization
He stated that globalization transform the generic “religion” into a world system of competing and conflicting religions. This process is institutional specialization has transformed local, diverse and fragmented cultural practices into recognizable system of religion.
Turner (2007)
It makes religions more conscious of themselves as being “world religions” reinforcing their respective specific identities. These identities are strengthened by globalization and cannot, in any way, intermingle or hybridize
Globalization
in this respect, maintained, “At the same time as being pursued through global channels, assertions of religious identity have, like nationalist strivings, often also been partly a defensive reaction to globalization”
Scholte (2005)
It is said that ___________ is associated with Westernization and Americanization. The dominance exerted by these two processes, particularly on the less developed countries, makes religion-related cultures and identities take defensive measures to protect themselves. Sometimes, extreme forms of resisting other cultural influence are being done, such as that of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS
Globalization
He pointed out, “Globalization is not only seen as a rival of Islamic ways, but also as an alien force divorced from Muslim realities. Stressing the negative impact of the loose morals of Western life is a daily feature of airwaves in the Middle East” (p. 130).
Ehteshami (2007)
He pointed out, “Globalization is not only seen as a rival of Islamic ways, but also as an alien force divorced from Muslim realities. Stressing the negative impact of the loose morals of Western life is a daily feature of airwaves in the Middle East” (p. 130).
Ehteshami (2007)
As he explained:
Globalization transforms the generic “religion” into a world-system of competing and conflicting religions. This process of institutional specialization has transformed local, diverse and fragmented cultural practices into recognizable systems of religion. Globalization has, therefore, had the paradoxical effect of making religions more self-conscious of themselves as being “world religions.” (p. 146)
Turner (2007)
Globalization, as stated in the above excerpt, makes religions more conscious of themselves as being _______ reinforcing their respective specific identities
“world religions”
Since religions have distinct _______, their connections to different cultures and their rituals and beliefs contradict.
internal structures
Religion seeks to assert its identity in the light of __________.
globalization
different religious identities come to the ____ and _____ themselves.
fore, and assert
He stated that Such assertions of religious identities constitute a defensive reaction to globalization.
Scholte (2005),
He stated that Such assertions of religious identities constitute a defensive reaction to globalization.
Scholte (2005),
It has been difficult for ______ to cope with values that accompany globalization like liberalism, consumerism, and rationalism.
religion
Such phenomena advocate _____ and _____. This, in fact, pushed Scholte to speak of the anti-rationalist faiths.
scientism, and secularism
Since he equated rationalism with globalization and considered religion anti-rationalist, it can be deduced that religion is anti- globalization.
Scholte (2005):
it can be said that the ____ qualities ascribed to religion can be the characteristics of fundamentalist and extremist forms of religion.
anti-rationalist
it can be said that the anti-rationalist qualities ascribed to religion can be the __________ of religion.
characteristics of fundamentalist and extremist forms
We cannot consider religion as purely ______ since many religious people reconcile reason and faith and make moderate trends within their religions.
anti-rationalist
Globalization is also associated with ______ and _______.
Westernization, and Americanization
As _____ pointed out, “Globalization is not only seen as a rival of Islamic ways, but also as an alien force divorced from Muslim realities.
Ehteshami (2007)
Stressing the negative impact of the loose morals of Western life is a daily feature of airwaves in the _____”
Middle East
The _____ aspirations of globalization and its incompatibility with Islam make globalization completely alien to the Muslim realities.
imperialist
Since _____ is cultural construct at its core and its meaning is the Western discourse, “______ and _____ with it on the part of Muslims is like accepting and promoting Western cultural values and their dominance”
globalization ,, promoting, and engaging
The challenges of globalization to religion link automatically to the challenges of _____ to ______
religion, and globalization
In other words, while religion takes caution against the_____ and the _____ related to globalization, it challenges the latter since religion does not approve its ____ effects.
norms, and values,, hybridizing
The idea of ______ effects of religion is approved also by ______ clash of civilizations, which maintains that such dehybridizing upshots spring also from the religious partitioning and clashes.
de-hybridizing,, Samuel Huntington’s
The processes of globalization and regionalization reemerged during the _____ and heightened after the end of the Cold War in the _____.
1980’s, and 1990’s
The processes of ____ and ____ reemerged during the 1980s and heightened after the end of the Cold War in the 1990s.
globalization, and regionalization
the very nature of globalization is, by ______, global while regionalization is _______
definition, and naturally regional.
The ______ of the world system and economic activity undermines the potential benefits coming out from a liberalized global economy
regionalization
This is because ________ prefer regional partners over the rest
regional organizations
________ respond to the states’ attempt to reduce the perceived negative effects of globalization. Therefore, regionalism is a sort of counter-globalization
Regional organizations
In a ______ survey, the Financial Times revealed that majority of Europeans consider that globalization brings negative effects to their societies (as cited in Jacoby and Meunier, 2010).
2007
In a 2007 survey, the Financial Times revealed that majority of Europeans consider that globalization brings negative effects to their societies.
(as cited in Jacoby and Meunier, 2010).
Many policy makers and scholars think that globalization must be ____ and _____.
regulated, and managed
The threats of an ______can be countered what Jacoby and Meunier called managed globalization; it refers to “all attempts” to make globalization more palatable to citizens”
“ungoverned globalization”
The threats of an “ungoverned globalization” can be countered what Jacoby and Meunier called ?
managed globalization
In fact, a sort of “contagion effect” according to them ,has spread during the past years.
(Held et al., 2005 )
_______in one part of the world encourages regionalization elsewhere-whether by imitation, like the success of the European Single Market, or by “defensive” reaction, such as Mercosur’s establishment as response to the creation of NAFTA.
Regionalization
According to this, _____ and the development of interregionalism would indeed be global in nature
regionalization
Globalization
Since its first appearance in the Webster’s Dictionary in___ ,
1961
According to him , “globalization is a transplanetary process or a set of processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information as well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite,
Ritzer, 2015
this definition assumes that globalization could bring either or both ____ and/or _____
integration, and fragmentation
this definition assumes that globalization could bring either or both ____ and/or _____
integration, and fragmentation
He said, “globalization is a ‘world of things’ that have ‘different speeds, axes, points of origin and termination, and varied relationships to institutional structures in different regions, nations, or societies” (as cited in Chowdhury, 2006, p. 137).
1996, Arjun Appadurai
He said, “globalization is a ‘world of things’ that have ‘different speeds, axes, points of origin and termination, and varied relationships to institutional structures in different regions, nations, or societies” (as cited in Chowdhury, 2006, p. 137).
1996, Arjun Appadurai
He said, “globalization is a ‘world of things’ that have ‘different speeds, axes, points of origin and termination, and varied relationships to institutional structures in different regions, nations, or societies” (as cited in Chowdhury, 2006, p. 137).
1996, Arjun Appadurai
It refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things. Furthermore, solids can either be natural or man-made.
Solidity
_____ are not fixed. therefore itrefers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the contemporary world.
liquids
_____ is the one increasing and proliferating today
liquidity
____ are the movement of people, things, places, and information brought by the growing “porosity” of global limitations
Flows
It refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms of government.
Homogeneity
Homogeneity in culture is often linked to ,____.
cultural imperialism
The global flow of media is often characterized as ____. TV, music, books, and movies are perceived as imposed on developing countries by the West
media imperialism
It undermines the existence of alternative global media originating from developing countries,
Media imperialism
____ are dominated by a small number of large corporations.
Global media
It is , associated with the alter-globalization movement, helps to counter this trend.
Independent Media Center
It extend activism to the Internet by hacking into computer programs to promote a particular cause (Juris, 2005
Hacktivists
. It is the process by which Western societies are dominated by the principles of fast food restaurants.
McDonaldization
It, is a process wherein nations, corporations, etc. impose themselves on geographic areas in order to gain profits, power, and so on (Ryan, 2007). Ritzer (2007) also espoused the idea that globalization can also be seen as a flow of “nothing” as opposed to “something,” involving the spread of non-places, non- things, non-people, and non-services.
glocalization
glocalization” coined by
Roland Robertson in 1992
Barber (1995) also provided the alternate of “McWorld”:
the “Jihad”
three perspectives on global cultural flows. These are :
differentialism,
hybridization,
convergence.
The ______ approach emphasizes the integration of local and global cultures
cultural hybridization
He/she mentioned that commerce, religion, politics, and warfare are the “urges” of people toward a better life
Chanda (2007)
For some, globalization is a long-term ____ and thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task
cyclical process
six great epochs of globalization. These are also called “___” and each has its own origin.
waves
The following are the sequential occurrence of the epochs:
- Globalization of religion (fourth to seventh centuries)
- European colonial conquests (late fifteenth century)
- Intra-European wars (late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries)
- Heyday of European imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918)
- Post-World War II period
- Post-Cold War period
It is a singular historical period during which mortality and fertility rates decline from high to low levels in a particular country or region.
Demographic transition
