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Haematology SOH > Constituents of blood > Flashcards

Constituents of blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cells?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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2
Q

RBC - high/low oncotic pressure

A

High

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3
Q

RBC - do they have a nucleus? what does this mean?

A

No nucleus

- can’t divide/generate new proteins once in the circulation

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4
Q

RBC have mitochondria. True or false?

A

False

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5
Q

RBC have a flexible shape - true or false?

A

True

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6
Q

What is the advantage of RBCs having a biconcave shape?

A

Allows it to squeeze through smaller vessels

Provides a larger surface area

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7
Q

What colour is a reticulocyte? and why?

A

Blue (polychromatic)

Still contains RNA

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8
Q

Reticulocyte contains RNA/DNA +/- nucleus?

A

Reticulocyte

  • RNA
  • NO nucleus
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9
Q

Erythropoiesis (red cell production) takes place?

A

In the bone marrow

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10
Q

When do RBCs loose their nucleus?

A

Before they leave the bone marrow

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11
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

To transport oxygen

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12
Q

Describe the stages of erythropoiesis

A 
Pronormoblast -> 
Early normoblast (basophilic) ->
Intermediate normoblast (polychromatophilic) -> 
Late normoblast (orthochromatic) -> 
Reticulocyte -> 
Erythrocyte
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13
Q

An immature RBC is called

A

Erythrocyte

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14
Q

As a RBC proliferates and matures during erythropoiesis, it becomes LARGER/SMALLER in size ?

A

smaller

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15
Q

At which stage of erythropoesis does the nucleus get thrown out?

Pronormoblast -> 
Early normoblast (basophilic) ->
Intermediate normoblast (polychromatophilic) -> 
Late normoblast (orthochromatic) -> 
Reticulocyte -> 
Erythrocyte
A

Late normoblast

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16
Q

When does the RBC become a FULLY mature RBC (erythrocyte) ?

A

When there is no RNA left

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17
Q

Hb molecule is able to carry oxygen in Fe2+ or Fe3+ form?

A

Fe2+ form

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18
Q

What protects the iron in Hb from oxidation?

A

NADH

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19
Q

NADH is classed as an oxidising/reducing agent?

A

Reducing agent

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20
Q

What is the name of the molecule which protects us from hydrogen peroxide? How does it do this?

A

Glutathione (GSH)

- it reacts with Hydrogen peroxide to form water and an oxidised glutathione product

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21
Q

Where does Hb synthesis occur?

A

Cytoplasm `

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22
Q

Increased temperature shifts the oxy-Hb dissociation curve to the right/left?

A

right

23
Q

Raised 2,3 DPG shifts the oxy-Hb dissociation curve to the right/left?

A

Right

24
Q

Increased pH shifts the oxy-Hb dissociation curve to the right/left?

A

Left

25
Q

Oxy-Hb dissociation curve shift to the RIGHT results in more/less oxygen being delivered to the tissues and more/less oxygen bound to the Hb

A

More oxygen delivered to the tissues

Less oxygen bound to the Hb

26
Q

Where are RBCs produced?

A

Bone marrow

27
Q

What is production of RBCs stimulated by?

A

Erythropoietin

28
Q

Which organ stimulates the production of erythropoietin?

A

Kidney

29
Q

Aged RBCs are taken up by which structure?

A

Macrophages

- thus, they are removed from the circulation

30
Q

Where does the destruction of RBCs usually take place?

A

Spleen

31
Q

Destruction of RBCs - what happens to global chains?

A

Recycled to amino acids

32
Q

Destruction of RBCs - what happens to Haem groups

A

Broken down to iron and porphyrin ring

  • iron is recycled
  • porphyrin -> bilirubin -> conjugated in liver -> excreted in faeces
33
Q

WBC - function

A

To fight infection

34
Q

Name 3 groups of WBC

A

Lymphocyte
Granulocyte
Monocyte

35
Q

Name 3 types of granulocyte

A

Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil

36
Q

Eosinophil - what colour are the granules ?

A

Red granules

37
Q

Basophil - what colour are the granules ?

A

Dark blue-ish granules

38
Q

When a lymphocyte is in its activated state, it has which colour of cytoplasm?

A

Plentiful blue cytoplasm

- this can extend round neighbouring cells

39
Q

When are atypical lymphocytes seen in the bloodstream?

A

As a consequence of recent viral illness

40
Q

Neutrophil - structure

A

Polymorph

- multiple segments

41
Q

Neutrophil - function

A

immediate line of defence

Response to acute infection by phagocytosing invaders. They die in the process

42
Q

Neutrophil - has a short/long life in circulation?

A

Short

43
Q

Eosinophil - structure

A

Bi-lobed

Red granules present in the cytoplasm

44
Q

Eosinophil - which type of infections does it fight?

A

Parasitic infections

45
Q

Eosinophil - function

A

Fight parasitic infection

Hypersensitivity (allergic reactions)

46
Q

Basophils - structure

A

Large deep purple/blue granules in the cytoplasm

47
Q

Basophils - function

A

Mediates hypersensitivity reaction

48
Q

What do basophils contain?

A

Histamine

49
Q

Monocytes are multinucleated. True or false?

A

False

- single nucleated

50
Q

Why are monocytes not classified as granulocytes?

A

They have faintly stunning granules

51
Q

Monocyte - function

A

Similar to neutrophil
Phagocytose invaders
Orchestrate the immune response

52
Q

Monocyte - short/long lived in the circulation compared to neutrophils

A

Long lived

- circulate for a week

53
Q

What do monocytes become?

A

Macrophages

54
Q

Platelets - function

A

Prevent bleeding

Haematology SOH (22 decks)

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