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Cell Biology Exam 2 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of Connective Tissue

A
  • Structure
  • Defense and protection
  • Nutrition
  • Fat deposit for cushioning, insulation, and energy reserves
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2
Q

Where does connective tissue derive from

A

mesoderm and neural crest from ectoderm

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3
Q

Chondroblasts

A

responsible for synthesis and elaboration of the ECM’s associated cartilage

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4
Q

Osteoblast

A

synthesis and elaboration of bone

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5
Q

Where do undifferentiated mesenchymal cells come from

A

mesoderm and in some ares of the body can also come from neural crest cells from ectoderm

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6
Q

Function of active fibroblasts

A

synthesize and elaborate components of ECM

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7
Q

Organelles of active fibroblasts

A
  • euchromatic nucleus
  • large column of rER and thus also a basophilic cytoplasm
  • Well-developed golgi apparatus seen proximate to the nucleus
  • Mitochondria to supply fuel for protein synthesis
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8
Q

Inactive fibroblasts are also called

A

quiescent or fibrocyte

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9
Q

Organelles of inactive fibroblasts

A
  • decreased rER
  • less elaborate golgi
  • slender nucleus and condensed chromatin
  • more eosinophilic cytoplasm
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10
Q

Cortisol

A

has putative antifibrotic activities including inhibition of fibroblast growth and deposition of collagen
-Prolonged administration can lead to decrease in bone

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11
Q

Why do active fibroblasts have increased activity

A

due to need to synthesize extracellular material for wound healing. Greater capacity to divide during wound healing

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12
Q

What happens if you are defienct in vitamin C

A

hydroxylation step is compromised, get decreased collagen synthesis - scurvy

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13
Q

Procollagen peptidases

A

Will enzymatically cleave the propeptides to make the molecules less soluble so they can assemble.

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14
Q

Extensions of helix

A

propeptides on each end, which maintain the solubility of this structure and can be processed internally by fibroblast

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15
Q

Myofibroblasts

A
  • Possess characteristics of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
  • Has actin and myosin (so they have contracile activity)
  • become more numerous in wound healing
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16
Q

Dupuytren’s contracture

A
  • Palmar aponeurosis, a triangular shaped collagenous structure in palm of hand
  • Repair of microvascular ischemia in tissue leads to active myofibroblast and fibroblasts
  • Increased elaboration of type III collagen, which forms cross links with myofibroblasts, leading to contractions of 4th and 5th digits
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17
Q

White adipocytes

A
  • look like empty spaces, tissue processing removes the lipid droplet, leaving a signet ring appearance
  • Nucleus pushed out to periphery
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18
Q

Apidocytes

A

synthesize leptin, thus have endocrine function

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19
Q

Leptin

A

works to suppress appetite by signaling decrease in caloric intake
-mutation leads to morbid obesity

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20
Q

Lipdystrophies

A
  • can be acquired or due to genetic defect

- loss of body fat may be general or confined to specific body regions

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21
Q

Brown adipocytes

A
  • multilocular
  • nucleus is centrally located
  • peripherally located cytoplasm, which is acidophilic due to large column of mitochondria
  • cancer of brown adipose tissue is rare but possible
22
Q

Functions of brown adipose tissue

A

produce heat, especially in newborns to regulate body temperature

23
Q

Why do infants need brown fat

A
  • they can’t shiver

- ATP synthesis capability is uncoupled so we use mitochondrial steps to produce heat rather than to synthesize ATP

24
Q

Do adults have brown fat?

A

Yes, some. Can be seen by putting them in a cold environment then imaging

25
Q

Mast cell

A

has metachromatic granules.

26
Q

What happens when antibody antigen complex binds to RC receptor on cell surface of mast cell

A
  • cell massively releases its contents

- leads to increased mucous, vasodilation, and bronchospasms due to leukotrienes.

27
Q

Macrophage

A
  • derived from monocyte

- centrally located nucleus with an indentation, well developed rER and golgi complex primarily to form lysosomes

28
Q

What types of phagocytic cells are derived from a monocyte

A

microglia, Kupffer cells in liver, alveolar macrophages in lug, and osteoclasts in blood

29
Q

Giant Cells

A

-macrophages fuse together in states of chronic inflammation

30
Q

Migratory cells

A

migrate into CT from blood

31
Q

Plasma cell

A
  • Basophilia
  • Large negative Golgi
  • Clock face nucleus
  • antibodies are secreted via the constitutive pathway
32
Q

2 waves of leukocytes in response to cardiac injury

A
  • 1st wave - neutrophils

- 2nd wave - monocytes (~2 days after damage)

33
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

clean up and remove damaged tissue

34
Q

Classifications of Connective Tissue

A

embryonic, proper, and specialized

35
Q

2 subclasses of embryonic

A

mesenchymal and mucus

36
Q

CT proper has 2 subclasses

A

loose or dense

37
Q

dense connective tissue

A

arranged in irregular or regular pattern

38
Q

specialized connective tissue types

A
  1. adipose
  2. reticular
  3. cartilage
  4. bone
  5. blood
39
Q

Mesenchymal connective tissue

A
  • least differentiated

- large amount of ECM materials, including group substance and type 3 reticular fibers

40
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A
  • found in wharton’s jelly in umbilical cord

- Expansion of ECM and fibroblasts where type I and III collagen are being formed

41
Q

Loose connective tissue

A
  • abundant, viscous, amorphous with hyaluronic acid, GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
  • lies immediately deep to epithelium and surrounds blood vessels
42
Q

Cells present in loos connective tissue

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, adipose cells, mast cells, and undifferentiated cells

43
Q

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue

A
  • type I collagen fibers (acidophilic) densely arrayed in parallel
  • elongated, basophilic nuclei of fibroblasts
  • ex) tendons and ligaments
44
Q

Ligaments

A
  • fibers less regularly arranged, higher % of ground substance, and a greater mixture of elastic fibers
  • constitute of dense cartilaginous tissue
  • greater degree of stretch due to elastic fibers
45
Q

Mucoid degeneration of anterior cruciate liagment

A
  • pt presents with knee pain or restricted movement
  • in the MRI, ACL has celery stalk appearance
  • treatment usually not needed
46
Q

Dense regular connective tissue of elastic fibers

A
  • sparse, viscous, amorphous with hyaluronic acid, GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
  • Elastin forms thin sheets of fenestrated membranes. -Elastic fibers branch and run parallel to one another
  • has fibroblasts
  • located in: ligamenta flava, supensory ligament of penis, vocal ligament, and arteries
47
Q

Elastin

A

forms lamellae and laminae in blood vessels

48
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A
  1. Sparse, viscous, amorphous with hyaluronic acid, GAGs, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
  2. Tightly packed, type I collagen fibers oriented in many axes. Elastic fibers are interspersed (and darker in color).
  3. Scattered fibroblasts
  4. Location: Organ capsules, dermis of skin. and sleeve around nerves
49
Q

Ehlers-Danlos

A
  • Defect in type I collagen

- Presents with hyperelasticity of skin, hypermobility of joints

50
Q

Elastic tissue in dermis is susceptible to what

A

UV damage

51
Q

Reticular tissue in liver

A
  1. Little ground substance
  2. Reticular fibers (type III collagen)
  3. Reticulocytes and other cell types
  4. Location: Red bone marrow, liver, and lymphatic tissues/organs
52
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A
  1. Spare ground substance
  2. Reticular fibers are found between adipocytes
  3. Adipocytes
  4. Subcutaneous areas, abdominal cavity
  5. Thin layers of cytoplasm, empty-looking cells

Cell Biology Exam 2 (9 decks)

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