conformity studies Flashcards
Shock trials from 15 to 450v. 40 ordinary men gave ‘shocks’ to a confederate. 65% went to 450v. 30% if using a shock-plate. 48% in a run-down building. 20.5% if done over phone. If with other complying teachers, 90%. If with refusing teachers, 10%.
Milgram 1963
Autokinetic effect. Participants estimated how far light moved on many trials. Then were asked to do it again in groups of 2 or 3 and then again alone.
Sherif 1935
11 occasions, confederates unanimously gave a clearly wrong answer to see who would conform. 75% conformed at least once. 36% of responses were incorrect. 12.5% conformed when written down
Asch 1951
Varied the Asch paradigm. Participants gave responses face to face, in the presence of a group goal to be accurate, or anonymously. Original stimuli was present or absent. People always conformed more with absent stimuli but conformed when anonymous.
Deutsch and Gerard
Role of group membership in Asch paradigm. Higher number of conforming responses in a public area. The lowest is a public area with an outgroup as results are polarised.
Abrams et al 1990
Correlations between key personality traits and leadership. Weak correlations. Strongest was with intelligence
Mann 1959
Examined effects of leader behaviour on group work with young boys. Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire.
Lippitt and White 1943
Contingency theory. Co-worker liking scale. Socio-emotional leadership is associated with higher performance
Fiedler 1965
Participants received info about a male and female employee and worked as a team on a highly male gender-typed task. Were informed the work was successful. Had to rate the competence, degree of influence and presumed leadership. Women always rated less than men
Hellman and Haynes 2005
When asked ‘who are you’ in English, people spoke about themselves but in Chinese their relation to other people
Ross, Xun & Wilson 2002
Participants reported emotions for 10 days and reported what language they spoke for the last two hours. There is a dialecticism difference. Eastern cultures can be contradictory (happy and sad).
Perunovic, Heller & Rafaeli 2007
Participants chose one of 4 identical stockings and had to explain why they liked it best. They used introspection to reflect on why they chose it even though they don’t know.
Wilson & Nisbett 1978
Participants were given an aesthetic score and were told they were 20% better or 20% worse than the average. Those who got told they were better said their artistic ability was high. Were then asked if they want to do another artistic test or spin a 50/50 wheel to get money. Those who got 40% did the artistic test even though they didn’t get 50% last time. Relative feedback.
Klein 1977
Do a personality test that predicts life feedback and can talk to one other person about theirs. If did well, they want to meet the one person that did better. If did bad, they want to meet the one person that did worse.
Gibbons 2002
Researchers gave a ‘test’ back with either an above or below average score. Those who got a below average were more likely to refer to a team as ‘we’ if they won.
Cialdini et al 1976
Participants interacted with three people about attributed. One said something nice about their worst attribute. One said something nice about their best. One said something bad about their worst. Participants chose to interact with the latter for self-verification.
Also want a partner that thinks negatively of them.
Swann et al 1989
Uni students make friends with neighbours. Proximity.
Festinger et al 1950
Familiarity. 3 women sat in some lectures over the term. The one that went in more often was seen as more attractive.
Moreland & Beach 1992
Effect of aversive conditions on interpersonal relationships. Women sat in pairs in aversive conditions liked the other woman more than if not in aversive.
Kenrick and Johnson 1979
Exposed 276 healthy adults to a cold. Those with more friends were less ill on the objective, self-reported and Jackson.
Cohen et al 1997
Cyberball to test ostracism. Participants felt an increase in negative mood and threatened needs if excluded from the game.
Williams, Cheung & Choi 2000
Political affiliates mixed with cyberball. People played with an ingroup, outgroup or despised group. All excluded people felt bad.
Gonsalkorale & Williams 2007
Given test feedback that predicts future. One group did good, one happy but accident prone, one excluded. Then took an IQ test. Those excluded scored less.
Baumeister et al 2002
Men more likely to seek attractiveness and women advertise this. Women to look for resources and men advertise this.
Weiderman 1993
Ideal sexual partners mode is 1. Mean is 2-3 for women. 7 for men.
Buss and Schmitt 1993
Speed dating. No gender differences in want in a partner at the end of the night (was at start). Whoever is approached is more choosey and seen as more attractive.
Eastwick & Finkel 2008,2009
Refused service from 1/251 restaurants with a Chinese couple. Called up afterwards and 92% said they wouldn’t serve a Chinese
LaPiere 1930
Assessed political poling. Strong attitude was answering quick and slow was weak. Those with strong are more likely to act on the attitude.
Fazio & Williams 1986
