Conditions of the Scrotum and Testes

Question 1

Chromosomal sex is determined at ______ and determines which gonadal sex is present.

Answer 1

fertilization

Question 2

Without the presence of testosterone from the male gonad, the animal will develop a ____ ______

Answer 2

female phenotype

Question 3

What is the normal karyotype of females and males?

Answer 3

78 XX for females and 78 XY for males

Question 4

Development occurs towards female unless ____ chromosome is present.

Answer 4

Y

Question 5

What determines what phenotypic sex will be?

Answer 5

gonadal sex

Question 6

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Answer 6

XXY
Rare
Dogs have 79 XXY karyotype with prevention of spermatogenesis but with male phenotype

Question 7

Tuner’s Syndrome

Answer 7

XO
Veryyyy rare
77 XO Karyotype, streak gonads, female internal genitals and infantile external genitals

Question 8

Chimera or Mosaic chromosomal sex disorder:

Answer 8

XX/XY,XY/XY
Very rare
results when two or more cell populations are found in the same individual. Fusion of two zygotes w different sex chromosomes give rise to single zygote

Question 9

Disorders of chromosomal sex are rare and random, most animals appear clinically normal. How can we diagnose this???

Answer 9

Diagnosis is made up of karyotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes

Question 10

Sex reversal is when…

Answer 10

Have either XX or XY sex chromosome complement but the gonads do not agree with the chromosomal sex. So you end up with bilateral ovotestes (most common) or females with masculinization

Question 11

How can we treat sex reversal? what breed is most predisposed?

Answer 11

Tx with gonadectomy and hysterectomy (NTR/Spay); Cocker Spaniels

Question 12

Disorder of the phenotypic sex occur when phenotypic sex does not match the ___ sex

Answer 12

gonadal

Question 13

What is the most common disorder of phenotypic sex???

Answer 13

Male pseudohermaphrodite

Question 14

Disorder of the phenotypic sex pathophys:

Answer 14

Still have normal 78 XY with testes, but Mullerian ducts fail to regress or the androgen dependent masculinization is defective (aka Mullerian duct syndrome PMDS)

Question 15

Testicular torsion is torsion of the….

Answer 15

Truly a torsion of the spermatic cord along the vertical axis, NOT the testicle itself.

Question 16

Testicular torsion is more common in what cases?

Answer 16

Retained testicles in the abdomen (often neoplastic)

Question 17

What are the signs assoc. with testicular torsion??

Answer 17

Stiff gait, pain, lethargy, vomiting, swelling, anorexia

Question 18

What diag. aid may be helpful when hernia is occuring in the scrotum?

Answer 18

U/S

Question 19

The prognosis of testicular torsion is poor, even if caught early. T/F

Answer 19

False!! Good if caught early

Question 20

What is the most common type of testicular tumor?

Answer 20

Sertoli cell tumor

Question 21

What causes most of the clinical signs assoc. with Sertoli cell tumors? What two substances do they secrete?

Answer 21

Crypt; secrete estrogen and inhibin

Question 22

Testicular tumors are rare in cats. T/F

Answer 22

True!!

Question 23

What are three testicular tumors that can cause scrotal enlargement??

Answer 23

Sertoli cell, seminoma, Leydig cell

Question 24

What is the least common testicular tumor we talked about?

Answer 24

Leydig cell

Question 25

Where is the tail of the epididymis oriented in the scrotum?

Answer 25

Caudally in the scrotum

Question 26

Why might a preputial cytology be beneficial when looking for a Sertoli cell tumor?

Answer 26

Dog might have sertoli cell tumor if increased estrogen levels on preputial cytology

Question 27

Sertoli cell tumors arise from sertoli cells in the _____ ______

Answer 27

Seminiferous tubule

Question 28

Sertoli cells can support developing spermatogenic cells and secrete hormones that have feedback on _____ and _____

Answer 28

hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 29

Sertoli cell tumors are slow growing and usually not invasive. T/F

Answer 29

True!!

Question 30

What do Steroli cells usually produce, what clinical signs does this cause?

Answer 30

Estrogen; causing bilateral/symmetrical alopecia, pendulous prepuce, Gynecomastia, aplastic anemia, preputial estrogen concentrations will be elevated

Question 31

Seminoma is the second most common testicular tumors in dogs. Animal will look normal usually, other than what?

Answer 31

Enlarged scrotum

Question 32

Seminoma arises from ______ cells and is slow growing/noninvasive. It is ___ on palpation with lobulated gray-white surface

Answer 32

Spermatogenic; soft

Question 33

Leydig cell tumor arises from the ____ space surrounding the _____ _____

Answer 33

Interstitial space surrounding the seminiferous tubules

Question 34

Leydig cell tumors are usually slow growing/noninvasive, soft on palpation and what color on cut surface?

Answer 34

Brown to orange

Question 35

Leydig cell tumors are almost always located where?

Answer 35

In a scrotal testis

Question 36

Crypt testes are considered subq when?

Answer 36

between scrotum and external inguinal ring

Question 37

What anatomical structure should we trace when locating a crypt testicle in the inguinal ring/abd???

Answer 37

Vas deferens

Question 38

Cryptorchidism diagnosis:

Answer 38

Hormone testing, cox test, anti-Mullerian hormone levels

Question 39

Orchitis/Epididymis in dogs–>

Answer 39

Orchitis is inflammation of the testis. Epididymis is inflammation of the epididymis. Can occur together or separately, unilateral or bilateral

Question 40

Common causes of orchitis/Epididymis:

Answer 40

Bacterial inf, trauma, auto-immune disease

Question 41

Common infectious causes of orchitis/epididymis:

Answer 41

Brucella canis (common, Zoonotic potential), E. coli (common), Blastomycoses (fungal issue, less common)

Question 42

PE and clinical signs of patient with Orchitis/Epididymis:

Answer 42

Hot, painful swollen testicles, fever is acute, fibrosis and atrophy of affected testicle when chronic

Question 43

Treatment and prognosis of Orchitis/Epididymis:

Answer 43

Great prognosis with removal of affected areas. Aggressive abx 2-3 weks, NSAIDs.
EUTHANIZE WITH B. CANIS INFECTION!!

Question 44

What happens if we just do unilateral NTR of patient with Orchitis/Epididymis?

Answer 44

Likely to have remaining testicle undergo hypertrophy over many months, obv best to do bilateral castration

Question 45

What is a fairly common scrotal tumor?

Answer 45

Mast cell tumor

Question 46

Characteristics of Squamous cell carcinoma:

Answer 46

proliferative, ulcerative, locally invasive, slow to metastasize, remove with wide surgical excision

Question 47

Characteristics of Melanoma:

Answer 47

Slow growing brown/black macules or fast-growing ulcerative mass, lesions are usually solitary and 50% are malignant and locally invasive. Remove with wide surgical margins.

Question 48

Characteristics of Mast cell tumor:

Answer 48

Well circumsized, raised firm masses, wide surgical margins are needed, 22% of dogs with MCT will have scrotal involvement

Question 49

How can we diagnose scrotal tumors?

Answer 49

Biopsy

Question 50

What are the causes of scrotal dermatitis?

Answer 50

Allergies, infection w B.canis or RMSF, autoimmune disease (pemphigus)

Question 51

Scrotal hematoma: when is it most commonly seen? How do we manage it?

Answer 51

Common after castration, manage with E-collar, cage rest, NSAIDs

Question 52

22% of dogs with ? will have scrotal involvement

Answer 52

Mast cell tumor

Question 53

What is the difference between scrotal hematoma and hydrocele?

Answer 53

Hemorrhage= hematocele=  Hemorrhage contained within layers of tunica vaginalis
Hydrocele= a type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle (between parietal and visceral vaginal tunics)