Conditions of the Scrotum and Testes Flashcards
Chromosomal sex is determined at ______ and determines which gonadal sex is present.
fertilization
Without the presence of testosterone from the male gonad, the animal will develop a ____ ______
female phenotype
What is the normal karyotype of females and males?
78 XX for females and 78 XY for males
Development occurs towards female unless ____ chromosome is present.
Y
What determines what phenotypic sex will be?
gonadal sex
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
XXY
Rare
Dogs have 79 XXY karyotype with prevention of spermatogenesis but with male phenotype
Tuner’s Syndrome
XO
Veryyyy rare
77 XO Karyotype, streak gonads, female internal genitals and infantile external genitals
Chimera or Mosaic chromosomal sex disorder:
XX/XY,XY/XY
Very rare
results when two or more cell populations are found in the same individual. Fusion of two zygotes w different sex chromosomes give rise to single zygote
Disorders of chromosomal sex are rare and random, most animals appear clinically normal. How can we diagnose this???
Diagnosis is made up of karyotype of peripheral blood lymphocytes
Sex reversal is when…
Have either XX or XY sex chromosome complement but the gonads do not agree with the chromosomal sex. So you end up with bilateral ovotestes (most common) or females with masculinization
How can we treat sex reversal? what breed is most predisposed?
Tx with gonadectomy and hysterectomy (NTR/Spay); Cocker Spaniels
Disorder of the phenotypic sex occur when phenotypic sex does not match the ___ sex
gonadal
What is the most common disorder of phenotypic sex???
Male pseudohermaphrodite
Disorder of the phenotypic sex pathophys:
Still have normal 78 XY with testes, but Mullerian ducts fail to regress or the androgen dependent masculinization is defective (aka Mullerian duct syndrome PMDS)
Testicular torsion is torsion of the….
Truly a torsion of the spermatic cord along the vertical axis, NOT the testicle itself.
Testicular torsion is more common in what cases?
Retained testicles in the abdomen (often neoplastic)
What are the signs assoc. with testicular torsion??
Stiff gait, pain, lethargy, vomiting, swelling, anorexia
What diag. aid may be helpful when hernia is occuring in the scrotum?
U/S
The prognosis of testicular torsion is poor, even if caught early. T/F
False!! Good if caught early
What is the most common type of testicular tumor?
Sertoli cell tumor
What causes most of the clinical signs assoc. with Sertoli cell tumors? What two substances do they secrete?
Crypt; secrete estrogen and inhibin
Testicular tumors are rare in cats. T/F
True!!
What are three testicular tumors that can cause scrotal enlargement??
Sertoli cell, seminoma, Leydig cell
What is the least common testicular tumor we talked about?
Leydig cell
Where is the tail of the epididymis oriented in the scrotum?
Caudally in the scrotum
Why might a preputial cytology be beneficial when looking for a Sertoli cell tumor?
Dog might have sertoli cell tumor if increased estrogen levels on preputial cytology
Sertoli cell tumors arise from sertoli cells in the _____ ______
Seminiferous tubule
Sertoli cells can support developing spermatogenic cells and secrete hormones that have feedback on _____ and _____
hypothalamus and pituitary
Sertoli cell tumors are slow growing and usually not invasive. T/F
True!!
What do Steroli cells usually produce, what clinical signs does this cause?
Estrogen; causing bilateral/symmetrical alopecia, pendulous prepuce, Gynecomastia, aplastic anemia, preputial estrogen concentrations will be elevated
Seminoma is the second most common testicular tumors in dogs. Animal will look normal usually, other than what?
Enlarged scrotum
Seminoma arises from ______ cells and is slow growing/noninvasive. It is ___ on palpation with lobulated gray-white surface
Spermatogenic; soft
Leydig cell tumor arises from the ____ space surrounding the _____ _____
Interstitial space surrounding the seminiferous tubules
Leydig cell tumors are usually slow growing/noninvasive, soft on palpation and what color on cut surface?
Brown to orange
Leydig cell tumors are almost always located where?
In a scrotal testis
Crypt testes are considered subq when?
between scrotum and external inguinal ring
What anatomical structure should we trace when locating a crypt testicle in the inguinal ring/abd???
Vas deferens
Cryptorchidism diagnosis:
Hormone testing, cox test, anti-Mullerian hormone levels
Orchitis/Epididymis in dogs–>
Orchitis is inflammation of the testis. Epididymis is inflammation of the epididymis. Can occur together or separately, unilateral or bilateral
Common causes of orchitis/Epididymis:
Bacterial inf, trauma, auto-immune disease
Common infectious causes of orchitis/epididymis:
Brucella canis (common, Zoonotic potential), E. coli (common), Blastomycoses (fungal issue, less common)
PE and clinical signs of patient with Orchitis/Epididymis:
Hot, painful swollen testicles, fever is acute, fibrosis and atrophy of affected testicle when chronic
Treatment and prognosis of Orchitis/Epididymis:
Great prognosis with removal of affected areas. Aggressive abx 2-3 weks, NSAIDs.
EUTHANIZE WITH B. CANIS INFECTION!!
What happens if we just do unilateral NTR of patient with Orchitis/Epididymis?
Likely to have remaining testicle undergo hypertrophy over many months, obv best to do bilateral castration
What is a fairly common scrotal tumor?
Mast cell tumor
Characteristics of Squamous cell carcinoma:
proliferative, ulcerative, locally invasive, slow to metastasize, remove with wide surgical excision
Characteristics of Melanoma:
Slow growing brown/black macules or fast-growing ulcerative mass, lesions are usually solitary and 50% are malignant and locally invasive. Remove with wide surgical margins.
Characteristics of Mast cell tumor:
Well circumsized, raised firm masses, wide surgical margins are needed, 22% of dogs with MCT will have scrotal involvement
How can we diagnose scrotal tumors?
Biopsy
What are the causes of scrotal dermatitis?
Allergies, infection w B.canis or RMSF, autoimmune disease (pemphigus)
Scrotal hematoma: when is it most commonly seen? How do we manage it?
Common after castration, manage with E-collar, cage rest, NSAIDs
22% of dogs with ? will have scrotal involvement
Mast cell tumor
What is the difference between scrotal hematoma and hydrocele?
Hemorrhage= hematocele= Hemorrhage contained within layers of tunica vaginalis Hydrocele= a type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle (between parietal and visceral vaginal tunics)
