Concept 8B + Parts of 8C

Question 1

Attribution

Answer 1

tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people’s behavior

1. Dispositional (internal) attributions
2. Situational (external) attributions

Question 2

Cues to Attribution (Kelley’s covariation model)

Answer 2

1. Consistency
2. Distinctiveness
3. Consensus

Question 3

Correspondent inference theory

Answer 3

focus on intentionality of others’ behavior

Question 4

Fundamental Attribution error

Answer 4

we generally make dispositional attributes over situational, esp. in negative contexts (Jones + Harris experiment)

Question 5

Attribute substitution

Answer 5

individuals must make judgments that are complex, but instead they substittue a simpler solution or apply a heuristic

Question 6

Culturalist attribution

Answer 6

individualist cultures vs. collectivist cultures can change individual’s attribution

Question 7

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 7

assign personal success to internal factors, failures to external factors

Question 8

Processes that contribute to prejudice

Answer 8

1. Power, prestige, class
2. Emotion
3. Cognition

Question 9

Actor-observer bias

Answer 9

we are victims of, but others are willful actors.

Question 10

Optimism bias

Answer 10

Belief bad things happen to others, but not to us.

Question 11

Stereotype threat

Answer 11

self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

Question 12

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 12

stereotypes can lead to behaviours that affirm the original stereotypes

Question 13

Prejudice

Answer 13

1. Cognition (stereotype)
2. Affect
3. Discrimination

Question 14

Frustration Aggression Hypothesis

Answer 14

Prejudice is not personality based, but more emotional.

Question 15

Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation

Answer 15

Upsurge in prejudice/discrimination when people are deprived of something they feel entitled to.

Question 16

Power, social class, prestige

Answer 16

Things that one can be discriminated against.
Power: political power, economic, personal
Social class: status is relative
Prestige: often based on occupation

Question 17

Just World hypothesis

Answer 17

good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

Question 18

Social Sigma

Answer 18

Extreme disapproval/discrediting of individual by society

1. Social stigma
2. Self stigma

Question 19

Halo effect

Answer 19

If we have an overall positive first impression, we start to analyze all their skills based on our overall first impression rather than just skills

Question 20

When just world hypothesis threatened, we use rational technique or irrational technique. What are these?

Answer 20

1. Rational technique: accept reality, prevent or correct injustice
2. Irrational technique: deny reality, reinterpret results

Question 21

Ethnography

Answer 21

Study of particular people and places

Question 22

Ethnocentric

Answer 22

judging someone else’s culture from the position of your own culture

Question 23

Cultural relativism

Answer 23

the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. No absolute right or wrong. Can falter if someone uses it to conduct activities that violate rights of humans

Question 24

Xenocentrism

Answer 24

judging another culture as superior to one’s own culture

Question 25

Cultural imperialism

Answer 25

Deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture.

Question 26

Group polarization

Answer 26

Group makes decisions that are more extreme than any individual member in the group would want.

Question 27

Stereotype content model

Answer 27

Classify stereotypes by

1. Warmth (low warmth = in direct competition with in-group for resources)
2. Competence

Question 28

Stereotype content model 4 stereotypes

Answer 28

1. Paternalistic stereotype: low competence, high warmth = looked down as inferior
2. Contemptuous stereotype: low competence, low warmth = viewed with annoyance
3. Admiration stereotype = high competence, high warmth
4. Envious stereotype = high competence, low warmth

Question 29

Discrimination

Answer 29

prejudicial attitudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

Question 30

Cognition neoassociation model

Answer 30

we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions