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MCAT Psychology > Concept 6A > Flashcards

Concept 6A Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Transduction, or conversion of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from our internal and external environment to electric signals in the nervous system

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2
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum amounts of stimulus that renders a difference in perception

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3
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Constant fraction of difference threshold to the original stimulus

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4
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Focuses on changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on both internal (psychological) and external (environmental) context

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5
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Change in the responsiveness of a sensory system when confronted with a constant stimulus

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6
Q

Psychophysics

A

The scientific study of the relationship between stimuli (specified in physical terms) and the sensations and perceptions evoked by these stimuli.

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7
Q

Psychophysics: Fechner’s Law

A

Relationship between perceived intensity and proportional to logarithm of original stimulus

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8
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

Light touch

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9
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Deep pressure & vibration

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10
Q

Merkel’s disk

A

Deep pressure & texture

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11
Q

Ruffini endings

A

Stretch

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12
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Pain & temperature

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13
Q

Structure of Eye

A

Sclera, cornea, choroidal & retinal vessels, retina, Anterior & posterior chamber. Iris (dilator & constrictor pupillae). Choroid (provides oxygen to eye). Ciliary body (produces aqueous humor). Lens. Suspensory ligaments. Vitreous. Retina. Cones & rods (rods have rhodopsin).

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14
Q

Macula

A

Central section of retina, has cones

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15
Q

Bipolar cells

A

rods & cones connect with them to highlight gradients between adjacent rods or cones. They then synapse with ganglion cells

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16
Q

Amacrine / horizontal cells

A

Receive input from multiple retinal cells in the same area before the information is passed onto ganglion cells. Important for edge detection.

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17
Q

Visual Pathway

A

Each eye’s left goes to right hemisphere, right goes to left hemisphere (starting at optic chiasm).

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18
Q

Visual pathway of eyes go to where in brain

A

1) Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus to visual cortex.

2) Superior colliculus

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19
Q

Parallel processing

A

Ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion

20
Q

Feature detection

A

A correlate model of parallel processing in neuroscience

21
Q

Cells that detect shape

A

Parvocellular cells.

22
Q

Cells that detect motion

A

Magnocellular cells

23
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense of rotational & linear acceleration

24
Q

Structure and Function of Ear

A

Pinna (auricle). Tympanic membrane, eardrum. Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes). Eustachian tube. Bony labyrinth - cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals.

25
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Actual hearing apparatus inside middle scaleae in cochlea. Has a lot of hair cells in endolymph. Basilar & Tectorial membrane. Physical stimulus to electrical.

26
Q

Vestibule

A

Sensitive to linear acceleration. Otolith organs- uticle & saccule.

27
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Where hair cells are - sensitive to rotation. XYZ system

28
Q

Hair cells

A

stereocilia. Cochlea vibrates at apex for low frequency, close to oval window for high frequency.

29
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

Half of spinal cord severed. Patients lose pressure & vibration sense on the same side as lesion, but lose pain & temperature on the other side

30
Q

Physiological zero

A

Normal skin temp

31
Q

5 basic tastes

A

1) Sweet
2) Sour
3) Salty
4) Bitter
5) Umami

32
Q

Olfactory pathway

A

1) Odor molecules inhaled
2) Odor molecules contact olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium
3) Receptor cells, activated, lead to signals to olfactory bulb
4) Reach brain via olfactory tract (e.g. to limbic system)

33
Q

Location of Olfactory chemoreceptors (olfactory nerves)

A

On olfactory epithelium in upper part of nasal cavity

34
Q

Kinesthetics

A

Kinesthetics: perception of body’s movement

35
Q

Vestibular sense - muscle spindle

A

Sensory receptors in muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle.

36
Q

Vestibular sense - Golgi tendon organ

A

Receptor organ that is located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons.

37
Q

Top-down processing

A

Memories & expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object, then recognize components based on these expectations

38
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Object recognition by parallel processing & feature detection

39
Q

Depth perception

A

Relies on both monocular and binocular cues

40
Q

Monocular cues

A

Relative size, Partial obscuring of one object by another, Convergence of parallel lines at a distance, Position of an object in the visual field, Lighting/shadowing

41
Q

Binocular cues

A

Slight differences in images projected on 2 retinas

42
Q

Constancy

A

Perceive certain characteristics of objects to remain the same, despite differences in their environment

43
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Law of proximity, law of similarity, law of closure, law of good continuation, subjective contours

44
Q

Law of pragnanz

A

perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible

45
Q

What detects taste?

A

Chemoreceptors

MCAT Psychology (8 decks)

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