Concept 7B

Question 1

Social action

Answer 1

actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing since others are around

Question 2

Social facilitation

Answer 2

people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in presence of others (Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation)

Question 3

Deindividuation

Answer 3

Loss of individual identity, anonymity in social environment

Question 4

Bystander effect

Answer 4

individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present. Kitty Genovese.

Question 5

Social loafing

Answer 5

tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

Question 6

Social control

Answer 6

Various means used by a society to bring its members back into line with cultural norms.

1. Formal Social Control: prisons, etc.
2. Informal Social Control: parents, etc.

Question 7

Peer pressure

Answer 7

social influence placed on an individual by group of people or another individual.
Mechanism:
1. Identity shift effect
2. Cognitive dissonance

Question 8

Conformity

Answer 8

matching one’s attitude, beliefs, and behaviors to the societal norms

1. Internalization: privately agreeing
2. Identification: outward acceptance

Question 9

Obedience

Answer 9

changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure. Milgram

Question 10

Group polarization

Answer 10

tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than individual ideas and inclinations of the same members within the group (risky & choice shift)

Question 11

Groupthink

Answer 11

social phenomenon; desire for harmony or conformity results in group of people coming to incorrect or poor decision. Irving Janis study.
8 indicative factors

Question 12

8 Indicative Factors of Groupthink

Answer 12

1. Illusion of invulnerability: creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-taking
2. Collective rationalization
3. Illusion of morality
4. Excessive stereotyping
5. Pressure for conformity
6. Self-censorship
7. Illusion of unanimity
8. Mindguards

Question 13

Social norms

Answer 13

Standards for what behaviours, set by groups of individuals, are acceptable, and which are not

Question 14

Sanctions

Answer 14

Rewards/punishments for behaviors in accord with or against norms respectively.

1. Positive sanction
2. Negative sanction
3. Formal sanction
4. Informal sanction

Question 15

Folkways, mores, laws, and taboos

Answer 15

1. Folkways: the mildest type of norm, just common rules/manners we are supposed to follow on a day to day base
2. Mores: norms based on some moral value/belief
3. Laws: norms still based on right and wrong, but have formal/consistent consequences
4. Taboos: behaviors completely forbidden/wrong in any circumstance, and violation results in consequences far more extreme than a more

Question 16

Anomie

Answer 16

breakdown of social bonds between an individual and community

Question 17

Deviance

Answer 17

any violence of norms, rules, or expectations within a society

Question 18

Theories on deviance

Answer 18

1. Labeling theory
2. Differential association
3. Strain theory
4. Conflict theory: social, political, or material inequalities of a social group lead to deviance

Question 19

Labeling theory

Answer 19

Labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person, but that person’s self-image.

1. Primary deviance: no big consequences
2. Secondary deviance: more serious consequences

Question 20

Differential association theory

Answer 20

deviance can be learned through interactions with others.

Question 21

Strain theory

Answer 21

if person is blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal, may become frustrated/strained and turn to deviance

Question 22

Aspects of collective behavior

Answer 22

1. Fads: behavior that is transiently viewed as popular and desirable by a large community
2. Mass hysteria: shared, intense concern about the threats to a society. Mass psychogenic illness.
3. Riots: characterized by large number of people who engage in dangerous behavior

Question 23

Collective behavior vs. group behavior

Answer 23

1. collective behavior is time-limited, and involves short social interactions, while groups stay together and socialize for long period of time.
2. Collectives can be open, while groups can be exclusive.
3. Collectives have loose norms, while groups have strongly held/well-defined norms.

Question 24

Agents of socialization

Answer 24

family, school (hidden curriculum), peers, mass media, pop culture

Question 25

Primary socialization

Answer 25

in childhood, when we learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society primarily through observation

Question 26

Secondary socialization

Answer 26

learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society

Question 27

Resocialization

Answer 27

one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change

Question 28

Anticipatory socailization

Answer 28

person prepares for future changes in occupation, living situations, or relationships