Concept 7C

Question 1

Associative learning

Answer 1

creation of a pairing, or association, either between 2 stimuli or between a behavior and response

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

type of associative learning that connects biological, instinctual responses to create associations between 2 unrelated stimuli (acquisition) - Pavlov

Question 3

Classical conditioning processes

Answer 3

1. Acquisition
2. Extinction
3. Spontaneous recovery
4. Generalization
5. Discrimination

Question 4

Operant conditioning

Answer 4

voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors - Skinner

Question 5

Reinforcement schedules in operant conditioning

Answer 5

1. Fixed ratio (FR)
2. Variable-ratio (VR): fastest response rate
3. Fixed-interval (FI): lowest response rate
4. Variable interval (VI)

Question 6

Latent learning

Answer 6

learning that occurs without a reward, but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

Question 7

Negative reinforcer types

Answer 7

1. Escape learning: reduce unpleasantness of something already existing
2. Avoidance learning: prevent unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen

Question 8

Preparedness

Answer 8

animals are most able to learn behaviors that coincide with their natural behaviors - preparedness is the predisposition

Question 9

Instinctive drift

Answer 9

difficult in overcoming instinctual behaviors

Question 10

Observational learning

Answer 10

process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others - Bandura experiment on Bobo doll, mirror neurons

Question 11

Modeling

Answer 11

observational learning in which people learn what behaviors are acceptable by watching others perform them

Question 12

Diffusion chain

Answer 12

individual first learns a behavior by observing another individual and that individual serves as a model through whom other individuals learn the behavior