concept 7c

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

way in which we acquire new behaviors

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response

Question 3

dishabituation

Answer 3

recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred
often occurs when late in habituation of a stimulus a second stimulus is presented

Question 4

types of learning

Answer 4

associative learning

observational learning

Question 5

associative learning

Answer 5

creating of a pairing (association) either b/w 2 stimuli or b/w a behavior and a response
2 types: classical and operant conditioning

Question 6

classical conditioning

Answer 6

a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus such that the neutral stimulus alone produces the same response as the unconditioned stimulus
the neutral stimulus thus becomes a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

any stimulus that brings about a reflexive response

this innate or reflexive response is called an unconditioned response

Question 8

neutral stimuli

Answer 8

stimuli that do not produce a reflexive response

when paired with an unconditioned stimuli the neural stimuli will produce the reflexive response

Question 9

conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

previously neural stimulus

through association now causes the reflexive response (called the conditioned response)

Question 10

acquisition

Answer 10

the process of turning the unconditioned stimulus to turn a neural stimulus into a conditioned stimulus which elicits a conditioned response (same as unconditioned response)

Question 11

extinction

Answer 11

organism becomes habituated to the conditioned stimulus

Question 12

spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

emergence of previously habituated conditioned response

Question 13

generalization

Answer 13

broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

Question 14

discrimination

Answer 14

organism learns to distinguis b/w 2 similar stimuli
opposite of generalization
organism is conditioned to a specific conditioned stimulus

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors
reinforcement and punishment

Question 16

reinforcement

Answer 16

process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior
positive or negative

Question 17

positive reinforcement

Answer 17

increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior
money is an example

Question 18

negative reinforcement

Answer 18

increase a behavior by removing something unpleasant
taking aspirin to reduce head ache
escape and avoidance learning

Question 19

escape learning

Answer 19

the role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists
aspirin to remove headache
reduce present unpleasantness

Question 20

avoidance learning

Answer 20

meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen
reduce future unpleasantness
studying to avoid poor score on the MCAT

Question 21

punishment

Answer 21

uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of a behavior
decrease the frequency of behavior
positive and negative

Question 22

positive punishment

Answer 22

adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior
thief arrested for stealing, which is intended to stop him from stealing again

Question 23

negative punishment

Answer 23

reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed
removing something of joy to reduce bad behavior
parents grounding kids to stop them from acting out

Question 24

reinforcement schedules

Answer 24

fixed ratio schedule (second)
variable ratio schedule (most effective)
fixed interval schedule (least effective)
variable interval schedule (third)

Question 25

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 25

reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior

Question 26

continuous reinforcement

Answer 26

type of fixed ratio schedule

behavior is rewarded every time it is performed

Question 27

variable ratio schedule

Answer 27

reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances
such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant
most effective schedule

Question 28

fixed interval schedule

Answer 28

reinforce the first instance of the behavior after a specified time period has elapsed

Question 29

variable interval schedule

Answer 29

reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time

Question 30

shaping

Answer 30

process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors
want to train a bird to spin around and then peck a key, might give treat when bird spins slightly, then increase amount of turn for next treat
use in operant conditioning can allow for the training of extremely complicated behaviors

Question 31

latent learning

Answer 31

learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

Question 32

problem solving

Answer 32

trial and error approach of learning
testing different behaviors until they yield reward
gain ability to analyze the situation and respond correctly the first time
exp. putting together a puzzle

Question 33

preparedness

Answer 33

animals are predisposed to learn (or not learn) behaviors based on their own natural abilities and instincts

Question 34

instinctive drift

Answer 34

difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors

Question 35

observational learning

Answer 35

process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others
learning by watching others
Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment

Question 36

mirror neurons

Answer 36

affect observational learning
in frontal and parietal lobes of cerebral cortex
fire when an individual performs and action and when the individual observes someone else performing the same action