Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT > concept 6c > Flashcards

concept 6c Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

emotion

A

natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationships with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

elements of emotion

A

physiological response
behavioral response
cognitive response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

physiological response

A

changes in heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, and blood pressure that occur when a feeling/emotion is experienced
stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

behavioral response

A

facial expressions and body language associated with emotion
how you act due to a specific emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cognitive response

A

subjective interpretation of the feeling/emotion that is being experienced
what you think about the situation and the emotion
determination of one’s emotion is based on memories of past experiences and perception of the cause of the emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ekman’s 7 universal emotions

A 
happiness
sadness
contempt
surprise
fear
disgust 
anger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

facial expression cues of the universal emotions

A

happiness- smile, wrinkling around eyes, raised cheeks
sadness- frown, inner eyebrows pulled up and together
contempt- one corner of the mouth pulled upwards
surprise- eyes widen, eyebrows pulled up and curved, jaw opens
fear- eyes widen, eyebrows pulled up and together, lips pulled toward ears
disgust- nose wrinkling and/or raising of upper lip
anger- glaring, eyebrows pulled down and together, lips pressed together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

James-Lange theory

A

stimulus results in physiological arousal which leads to a secondary response in which emotion is consciously experienced
stimulus–>physiological arousal/nervous system arousal–> conscious emotion
“I must be angry bc my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

stimulus is first received and is simultaneously processed physiologically and cognitively
allowing for conscious emotion to be experienced
stimulus–> physiological arousal and conscious emotion–> action
“I am afraid bc I see a snake and my heart is racing… Let me out of here”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Schachter-Singer theory

A

physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before emotion is consciously experienced
stimulus–> physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal–> conscious emotion
“I am excited bc my heart is racing and even else is happy”
cognitive appraisal is the understanding of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

limbic system

A

complex set of structures that reside blow the cerebrum on either side of the thalamus
brain structure that helps us experience emotion, one of many parts but it is the most notable
play roles in motivation and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

structures in the limbic system

A 
amygdala 
thalamus
hypothalamus 
hippocampus
fornix 
septal nuclei
parts of the cerebral cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

amygdala

A

signals the context about stimuli related to attention and emotions
associated w/ fear and role of human emotion through interpretation of facial expression
processes environment, detects cues, learns from surroundings and produces emotion
rats with damaged amygdala cannot be classically conditioned to establish new fears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

thalamus

A

preliminary sensory processing station

routes info to the cortex and other area regions of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypothalamus

A

located below the thalamus
synthesizes and releases neurotransmitters
serves homeostatic functions
involved in modulating emotion
controls neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hippocampus

A

in the temporal lobe
primarily involved in creating long-term memories
storage and retrieval of emotional memories are key in producing an emotional response
aids in creating context for stimuli that lead to emotional experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

emotional memories

A

this is the storage of the actual feelings of emotion associated with an event
unconscious implicit memory
properly considered memories about emotions than stored emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

temporal lobe in emotion

A

ability to distinguish and interpret others’ facial expressions
some input fro the occipital lobe
lateralized-right hemisphere is more active than left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions
receives arousal input from the brainstem, coordinating arousal and cognitive states
left associated with positive emotion
right associated with negative emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

associated with attention and cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ventral prefrontal cortex

A

connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion

22
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

thought to play a substantial role in decision-making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala

23
Q

automatic nervous system

A

specific physiological reactions are associated with specific emotions
skin temp, heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure are affected when experiencing emotion

24
Q

stress

A

the response to signifiant events, challenges, and decisions

25
Q

cognitive appraisal

A

subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

consists of 2 stages: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal

26
Q

primary appraisal

A

is the initial evaluation of the environment and the associated threat
can be identified as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful
if stage 1 reveals a threat stage 2 begins

27
Q

secondary appraisal

A

directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress
involves the evaluation of 3 things: harm or damaged caused by the event; threat or potential for future damage caused by event; challenge or the potential to overcome and possibly benefit from the event

28
Q

stressor

A

biological element, external condition, or event that leads to a stress response severity can range from minimal to irritating hassles to catastrophic scenarios

29
Q

common stressors

A 
environmental factors 
daily events
workplace or academic setting 
social expectations 
chemical and biological stressors
30
Q

distress

A

bad stress

occurs when experiencing unpleasant stressors

31
Q

eustress

A

good stress
occurs when experiencing positive conditions
life events like graduating from college

32
Q

psychological stressors

A 
pressure 
control
predictability 
frustration
conflict
33
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

refers to the need to chose b/w 2 desirable options

34
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

conflicts are choices b/w 2 negative options

35
Q

approach-avoidance conflict

A

conflicts deal with only once choice, goal, or event

but the outcome could have both positive and negative elements

36
Q

general adaptation syndrom

A

sequce of physiological responses to stressors

consists of 3 distinct stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

37
Q

alarm stage

A

initial reaction to a stressor
activation of the sympathetic nervous system
hypothalamus stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary –> stimulates release of cortisol to maintain blood sugar in stressful events (stress hormone)
hypothalamus activates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine for sympathetic NS

38
Q

resistance stage

A

continuous release of hormones allows the sympathetic NS to remain engaged to fight the stressor

39
Q

exhaustion stage

A

when the body can no longer maintain an elevated response w/ sympathetic NS activity
individuals become more susceptible to illnesses and medical conditions

40
Q

effects of stress on the brain

A

acute stress: increased alertness and less perception of pain
chronic stress: impaired memory and increased risk of depression

41
Q

effects of stress on the thymus gland and immune tissues

A

acute stress: immune system readies for possible injury

chronic stress: deteriorated immune response

42
Q

effects of stress on the circulatory system

A

acute stress: heart beats faster, and blood vessels constrict to bring more oxygen to muscles
chronic stress: elevated blood pressure and higher risk of cardiovascular disease

43
Q

effects of stress on adrenal glands

A

acute stress: secrete hormones that mobilize energy supplies
chronic stress: high hormone levels slow recovery from acute stress

44
Q

effects of stress on reproductive organs

A

acute stress: reproductive functions are temporarily suppressed
chronic stress: higher risk of infertility and miscarriage

45
Q

emotional response to stress

A

elevated stress results in individuals feeling irritable, moody, tense, fearful, and helpless
may have difficulty w/ concentration and memory

46
Q

behavioral response to stress

A

negative behavior that occurs include withdrawing from others, difficulties at work or at school, substance use, aggression, and suicide
chronic stress can lead to mental health disorders (anxiety and depression)

47
Q

coping with stress

A

strategies fall into 2 groups:
problem-focused strategies
emotionally focused strategies
can be adaptive (good coping, reaching to family and friends) or maladaptive (bad coping, substance abuse)

48
Q

problem-focused coping strategies

A

involve working to overcome a stressor
reaching out to family and friends for social support, confronting issues head on, and creating and following a plan of problem-solving actions

49
Q

emotionally focused coping strategies

A

center on changing one’s feelings about a stressor
taking responsibility for the issue, engaging in self-control, distancing oneself from issue, engaging in wishful thinking, and using positive reappraisal to focus on positive outcomes instead of stressor

50
Q

stress management

A

exercise–> powerful stress management tool, improves health, wellness, and mood. release endorphins, feel-good neurotransmitter
relaxation technique–> meditation, diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation
spiritual practice–> religion

MCAT (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions