concept 7b Flashcards
Michelangelo phenomenon
the concept of self is made up of both the intrapersonal self and the interpersonal self
the ideal self can thus be “sculpted” with help from others
intrapersonal self
the ideas an individual has regarding his own abilities, traits, and beliefs
interpersonal self
the manner in which others influence creation of the ideal self
social action
actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing bc others are around
defined by Max Weber
humans will behavior in different ways based on their social environment
considers just the individual that is surrounded by others–> contrasts w/ social interaction
social interaction
look at the behavior and actions of 2 or more individuals who take one another into account
social facilitation
people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others
tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks), and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)
deindividuation
the idea that people will lose a sense of self-awareness and can act dramatically differently based on the influence of a group
presence of a large group that provides anonymity and causes loss of individual identity
can lead to anti normative behavior
anti normative behavior
behavior against the norm
can be caused by deindividuation
explanation for violent behavior seen in crowds and mobs
bystander effect
the observation that, when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need
individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present
when in groups people are less likely to notice danger, part of social etiquette (rude to watch)
when in groups humans take cues from others, if other people dont respond you wont respond
degree of responsibility affects response
social loafing
tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually
can apply to many concepts: physical effort, mental effort, or initiative
peer pressure
the social influence placed on an individual by other individuals who are considered equals
explained by the identity shift effect
identity shift effect
when an individuals state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group
then individual will begin to experience internal conflict bc behavior is outside their normal character
highlights cognitive dissonance
cognitive dissonance
the simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions
leads to internal state of discomfort, can manifest as anxiety, fear, anger, or confusion
individuals try to reduce this discomfort by changing, adding to, or minimizing one of these dissonant thoughts
types of social actions
social facilitation deindividuation bystander effect social loafing peer pressure
types of social interaction
group polarization
groupthink
group polarization
describes the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group
can lead to riskier or more cautious decisions based on group members
groupthink
social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
an attempt to eliminate or minimize conflict among the group members, consensus decisions are reached without alternate ideas being assessed
factors of groupthink
illusion of invulnerability collective rationalization illusion of mortality excessive stereotyping pressure for conformity self-censorship illusion of unanimity mindguards
illusion of invulnerability
creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-thinking
collective rationalization
ignoring warnings against the idea of the group
illusion of morality
the belief that the group’s decision are morally correct
excessive stereotyping
the construction of the stereotypes against outside opinions
pressure for conformity
the pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal
self-censorship
the withholding of opposing views
illusion of unanimity
the false sense of agreement within the group
mindguards
the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
culture
can be defined as the beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people
learned through living within a society, observing behaviors and traits, and adopting them
can be passed from generation to generation
cultural assimilation
the process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group
groups with different cultures begin to merge into one
4 factors: socioeconomic status, geographic distribution, language attainment, and intermarriage
creating a melting pot, melting together of different elements of culture not one homogenous culture
ethnic enclaves
locations (usually neighborhoods) with high concentration of one specific ethnicity
slows assimilation
most common in urban areas
often have names like chinatown or little italy
multiculturalism
refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures
encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences
creating a cultural mosaic, mixture of cultures and ethnic groups that coexist in society
subcultures
refers to a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong
can be perceived as negative when they sub convert the majority culture’s definitions of normalcy
can be formed based on race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and other differentiating factors from the whole of society
socialization
the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
humans use social experiences to learn acceptable behavior in the society in which they live
primary and secondary
primary socialization
occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society
primarily through observation of our parents and other adults
sets the stage for future socialization and provides foundation for creating personal opinions
secondary socialization
process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society
occurs outside of the home
based on learning the rules of specific social environments
associated with adolescents and adults
anticipatory socialization
the process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships
resocialization
the process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change
can have positive or negative connotations
norms
societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior
mores are widely observe social norms
not laws but they govern the behavior of society and provide a sense of social control
folkways
norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular context
shaking hands after sports match
agents of socialization
family peers religion government media work ethnic background clubs/sports groups school
deviance
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
act that goes against societal norms
can vary in severity
any act that meets with disapproval from the larger society
social stigma
the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived difference from the rest of society
differences in beliefs, abilities, behaviors, and appearance
stings can evolve over time, divorce no longer has a strong negative connotation
labeling theory
theory that posits that the labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person but also the person’s self image
linked to deviance, stigmatization, and reputation
lead to channeling of behavior into deviance or conformity
differential association theory
deviance can be learned though interaction with others
functional theorists argue that deviance is necessary for social order, it provides a clear perception of social norms and acceptable boundaries
conformity
matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms
changing aspects to match society
aka majority influence
normative conformity: desire to fit into a group bc of fear of rejection
internalization and identification
Zimbardo Standford Prison Experiment
internalization
involves changing one’s behavior to find with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group
identification
refers to the acceptance of others’ ideas without questioning them
compliance
change in behavior based on a direct request
several techniques: foot-in-the-door technique, door-in-the-face technique, lowball technique, and that’s-not’ll technique
