concept 7b Flashcards
Michelangelo phenomenon
the concept of self is made up of both the intrapersonal self and the interpersonal self
the ideal self can thus be “sculpted” with help from others
intrapersonal self
the ideas an individual has regarding his own abilities, traits, and beliefs
interpersonal self
the manner in which others influence creation of the ideal self
social action
actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing bc others are around
defined by Max Weber
humans will behavior in different ways based on their social environment
considers just the individual that is surrounded by others–> contrasts w/ social interaction
social interaction
look at the behavior and actions of 2 or more individuals who take one another into account
social facilitation
people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others
tendency of people to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around
Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation
being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at (simple tasks), and hinders the performance of less familiar tasks (complex tasks)
deindividuation
the idea that people will lose a sense of self-awareness and can act dramatically differently based on the influence of a group
presence of a large group that provides anonymity and causes loss of individual identity
can lead to anti normative behavior
anti normative behavior
behavior against the norm
can be caused by deindividuation
explanation for violent behavior seen in crowds and mobs
bystander effect
the observation that, when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need
individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present
when in groups people are less likely to notice danger, part of social etiquette (rude to watch)
when in groups humans take cues from others, if other people dont respond you wont respond
degree of responsibility affects response
social loafing
tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually
can apply to many concepts: physical effort, mental effort, or initiative
peer pressure
the social influence placed on an individual by other individuals who are considered equals
explained by the identity shift effect
identity shift effect
when an individuals state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, the individual will often conform to the norms of the group
then individual will begin to experience internal conflict bc behavior is outside their normal character
highlights cognitive dissonance
cognitive dissonance
the simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts or opinions
leads to internal state of discomfort, can manifest as anxiety, fear, anger, or confusion
individuals try to reduce this discomfort by changing, adding to, or minimizing one of these dissonant thoughts
types of social actions
social facilitation deindividuation bystander effect social loafing peer pressure
types of social interaction
group polarization
groupthink
group polarization
describes the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas and inclinations of the members within the group
can lead to riskier or more cautious decisions based on group members
groupthink
social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision
an attempt to eliminate or minimize conflict among the group members, consensus decisions are reached without alternate ideas being assessed
factors of groupthink
illusion of invulnerability collective rationalization illusion of mortality excessive stereotyping pressure for conformity self-censorship illusion of unanimity mindguards
illusion of invulnerability
creation of optimism and encouragement of risk-thinking
collective rationalization
ignoring warnings against the idea of the group
illusion of morality
the belief that the group’s decision are morally correct
excessive stereotyping
the construction of the stereotypes against outside opinions
pressure for conformity
the pressure put on anyone in the group who expresses opinions against the group, viewing the opposition as disloyal
self-censorship
the withholding of opposing views
illusion of unanimity
the false sense of agreement within the group
mindguards
the appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views
culture
can be defined as the beliefs, behaviors, actions, and characteristics of a group or society of people
learned through living within a society, observing behaviors and traits, and adopting them
can be passed from generation to generation
cultural assimilation
the process by which an individual’s or group’s behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group
groups with different cultures begin to merge into one
4 factors: socioeconomic status, geographic distribution, language attainment, and intermarriage
creating a melting pot, melting together of different elements of culture not one homogenous culture
ethnic enclaves
locations (usually neighborhoods) with high concentration of one specific ethnicity
slows assimilation
most common in urban areas
often have names like chinatown or little italy
multiculturalism
refers to communities or societies containing multiple cultures
encourages, respects, and celebrates cultural differences
creating a cultural mosaic, mixture of cultures and ethnic groups that coexist in society
subcultures
refers to a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong
can be perceived as negative when they sub convert the majority culture’s definitions of normalcy
can be formed based on race, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and other differentiating factors from the whole of society
socialization
the process of developing and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs
humans use social experiences to learn acceptable behavior in the society in which they live
primary and secondary
primary socialization
occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society
primarily through observation of our parents and other adults
sets the stage for future socialization and provides foundation for creating personal opinions
secondary socialization
process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society
occurs outside of the home
based on learning the rules of specific social environments
associated with adolescents and adults
anticipatory socialization
the process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships
resocialization
the process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones to make a life change
can have positive or negative connotations
norms
societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior
mores are widely observe social norms
not laws but they govern the behavior of society and provide a sense of social control
folkways
norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular context
shaking hands after sports match
agents of socialization
family peers religion government media work ethnic background clubs/sports groups school
deviance
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society
act that goes against societal norms
can vary in severity
any act that meets with disapproval from the larger society
social stigma
the extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived difference from the rest of society
differences in beliefs, abilities, behaviors, and appearance
stings can evolve over time, divorce no longer has a strong negative connotation
labeling theory
theory that posits that the labels given to people affect not only how others respond to that person but also the person’s self image
linked to deviance, stigmatization, and reputation
lead to channeling of behavior into deviance or conformity
differential association theory
deviance can be learned though interaction with others
functional theorists argue that deviance is necessary for social order, it provides a clear perception of social norms and acceptable boundaries
conformity
matching one’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms
changing aspects to match society
aka majority influence
normative conformity: desire to fit into a group bc of fear of rejection
internalization and identification
Zimbardo Standford Prison Experiment
internalization
involves changing one’s behavior to find with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group
identification
refers to the acceptance of others’ ideas without questioning them
compliance
change in behavior based on a direct request
several techniques: foot-in-the-door technique, door-in-the-face technique, lowball technique, and that’s-not’ll technique
foot-in-the-door technique
a small request is made and after gaining compliance a larger request is made
many people will agree to the larger task at this point, as the first request open the door to continued compliance
door-in-the-face technique
opposite of foot-in-the-door
a large request is made at first, and if refused, a second smaller request is made
often the second request is the goal of requestor, and this more reasonable request may be granted
lowball technique
the requestor will get an initial commitment from an individual, and then raises the cost of the commitment
you are asked by your boss to head a committee w/ commitment of 5 hrs/month, you agree and later realize that this includes writing reports from each meeting
that’s-not-all technique
an individual is made an offer but before making a decision is told the deal is even better than she expected
frequently seen in infomercials
obedience
changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure
people are more likely to obey than comply bc of real or perceived social power
Milgram study with electric shocks (teacher and learner)
social cognition
focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior
attitude
the expression of positive or negative feelings toward a person, place, thing, or scenario
the ways in which we perceive others, can impact the way we behave toward them
3 components of Attitude
ABC
Affective
Behavioral
Cognitive
affective component
refers to the way a person feels toward something
the emotional component of attitude
“snakes scare me” “i love my family”
behavioral component
the way a person acts with respect to something
avoiding snakes or spending time w/ family
behavior associated with the feeling/attitude
cognitive component
the way an individual thinks about something
usually the justification for the other components, emotion and behavior
knowing snakes can be dangerous provides a reason to be afraid of them and avoid them
functional attitudes theory
states that attitudes serve 4 functions: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation, and ego defense
knowledge function
attitudes help oppressed and organization to thoughts and experiences
knowing the attitudes of others helps to predict their behavior
provides consistency and stability
ego-expressive function
allowing us to communicate and solidity our self-identity
if a person identifies with a sports team they may wear something that identifies them with this team
adaptive function
idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed
ego-defensive function
attitudes protect our self-esteem or justify actions that we know are wrong
learning theory
states that attitudes are developed thought different forms of learning
direct contact with an object can inflect attitudes
elaboration likelihood model
separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information
central route processing
peripheral routeprocessing
central route processing
high elaboration
scrutinizing and analyzing the content of persuasive information
think deeply about info
peripheral route processing
low elaboration
focusing on superficial details of persuasive information
appearances, catchphrases and slogans, and credibility
social cognitive theory
states that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others
behavior is not learned by trial and error but develops through direct observation and replication of the actions of others
3 factors: behavior, personal factors, environment
Bandura’s Triadic Reciprocal Causation
statuses
are positions in society that are used to classify individuals
rich, poor, talented, smart, premed
types of statuses
ascribed status
achieved status
master status
ascribed status
status that is given involuntarily
based on race, ethnicity, gender, family background
achieved status
status that is gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices, such as being a doctor
master status
status by which a person is most identified
typically the most important that the individual holds and affects all aspects of person’s life
status by which one is most identified
role
set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status
role perfomance
the carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role
individuals can vary in how successful they are at performing a role
can change depending on social situation and context of interaction
role partner
the person with whom one is interacting
partner can change the behaviors and expectations of roles
doctors have role partners: patients, nurses, patients’ relatives, other doctors, residents, and hospital administration
role set
various roles associated with a status
role conflict
difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiples roles
role strain
difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of the same role
role exit
the dropping of one identity for another
group
consists of 2 or more people who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity
many types: peer group, family group, in-groups, out-groups, reference groups
primary and secondary groups
peer group
group that is defined by association of self-selected equals around similar interests, ages, and statuses
provide an opportunity for friendship and feelings of belonging
family group
group determined by birth, adoption, and marriage
not self-selected
joins members of various ages, sexes, and generations through emotional ties
can be filled with conflict at times, and may struggle w/ cultural gaps and social differences b/w generations
in-groups
groups to which an individual belongs and can be contrasted with out-groups
out-groups
groups with which an individual competes or is opposition
reference groups
groups that establish the terms by which individuals evaluate themselves
to determine how strong of of a med school applicant you are, may consider yourself in relation to the reference group of all applicants
primary groups
interactions are direct
with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members
groups often last a long period of time
may include a core circle of friends, tightly knit family, or members of a team
secondary groups
interaction are superficial
few emotional bonds
typically last for a short period of time
groups form and dissolve without any special significance, students in group project
interaction process analysis
technique for observing, classifying, and measuring the interactions within small groups
revised to the system for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)
system for multiple level observation of groups
based on the belief that there are 3 fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs submission, friendliness vs. unfriendliness, and instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive
developed from interaction process analysis
group conformity
individuals are compliant with the groups goals
even when the groups goals may be in direct contrast to the individuals goal
individuals will often participate in behaviors they normally would not
groupthink
tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas and ethics
based on pressure to conform and remain loyal to the group
network
ised to describe the observable pattern of sisal relationship among individuals or groups
patterns of relationships can be determined by mapping the interactions b/w individual units
individuals in networks face demands and expectations of other members, constraining what they are able to do
immediate networks
are dense networks with strong ties
may be composed of friends
distant networks
are looser networks with weaker ties
may be composed of acquaintances
organizations
entities that are set up to achieve specific goals and are characterized by having a structure and a culture
how organizations differ from groups
organizations continue after departure of member, leading of history in the organization
organizations have expressed goals, recorded and guide members and activities
organizations have enforcement procedures that seek to control the activities of members
organizations are characterized by hierarchical allotment of roles or duties to members
self-presentation
the process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors
people use specific strategies to shape what others will think of them
used interchangeably with impression management
basic model of emotional expression
Darwin states that emotional expression involves a number of components: facial expressions, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and physiological changes
expression is consistent w/ his theories of evolution and should be similar across culture
appraisal model
similar to the basic model
accepting that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced
accepts that there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression
social construction model
assumes that there is no biological basis for emotions
emotions are based on experiences and the situational context alone
cultural syndrome
shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme
influence rules for expressing or suppressing emotions, can inflect how emotions are experienced
impression management
refers to our attempts to influence how others perceive us
done through regulation or controlling of info in social interactions
theorists describe 3 “selves”: the authentic self, the ideal self, and the tactical self
authentic self
describes who the person actually is
including both positive and negative attributes
ideal self
who a person would like to be under optimal circumstances
tactical self
who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of us
similar to ought self
how we want people to view us
impression management strategies
self-disclousure managing appearances ingratiation aligning actions alter-casting
self-disclosure
giving information about oneself to establish an identity
exp. disclosing that you are a premed student
managing appearances
using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a positive image
exp. wearing a white coat, keeping calm while dealing with a difficult patient, mentioning associates with important researchers during an interview
ingratiation
using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over
exp. blindly agreeing to someone else’s opinions, complimenting a friend before asking for a favor
aligning actions
making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses
exp. justifications for missing deadlines, blaming a bad grade on too little sleep
alter-casting
imposing an identity onto another person
exp. any example in this course that says “as a good MCAT student you should…” in which chaplain is assigning you the role of a good MCAT student
dramaturgical approach
using the metaphor of a theatrical performance to describe hoe individuals create images of themselves in various situations
how Goffman described impression management
front stage self and back stage self
front stage self
is where the actor is in front of the audience and performs according to the setting, role, and script in order to conform to the image he wants others to see
back stage self
where the actor is not being observed by an audience
he is free to act in ways that may not be congruent with his desired public image, without having to worry about ruining his performance
communication
ability to convey information by speech, writing, signals, or behavior
foundation of social interaction
used to elicit changes, generate action, create understanding, share a point of view, or inform
verbal communication
transmission of info via the use of words
spoken, written, or signed
often dependent on nonverbal cues for receiver to understand the sender’s full meaning
nonverbal communication
how people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words
facial expression, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, touches, and eye positioning
animal communication
any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another
body language, rudimentary facial expressions, visual displays, scents, and vocalization
body language of animals can indicate if they are frightened, aggressive, relaxed, or embarrassed, also important for reproduction
