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MCAT > concept 4d > Flashcards

concept 4d Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

electromagnetic spectrum types of light

A

spectrum of light waves
radio waves at one end (long wavelength, low frequency, low energy)
gamma rays at the other end (short wavelength, high frequency, high energy)
and in-between (from highest to lowest energy) is microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and x-rays
visible is what we see b/w 400 nm and 700 nm

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2
Q

radio waves

A

very long wavelength
electromagnetic radiation
low frequency, low energy

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3
Q

microwaves

A

long wavelength electromagnetic radiation

capable of inducing vibration in bonds

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4
Q

infrared

A

region of electromagnetic spectrum that is not visible

may be perceived as heat

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5
Q

visible light

A

light that is visible to the human eye
400 nm to 700 nm wavelength
responsible for the colors we see ROY G BIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)

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6
Q

ultraviolet

A

region of electromagnetic spectrum that is not visible

primarily responsible for the damaging effects of sunlight on skin

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7
Q

x-rays

A

type of electromagnetic radiation

primarily used for medical imaging

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8
Q

gamma-rays

A

short wavelength
high frequency, high energy
photon released during radioactive decay
part of electromagnetic spectrum

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9
Q

electromagnetic waves

A

transverse waves bc the oscillating electric and magnetic field vectors are perpendicular to the direction of propagation
electric and magnetic fields are also perpendicular to each other

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10
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

describes the full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves
(high energy to low energy) gamma rays–>x-rays–>UV–>visible light –>infrared–>microwaves–>radio waves

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11
Q

speed of light

A

all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed
constant represented by c and is ~3.00e8 m/s
c=f(gamma)
c is speed of light, f is frequency, gamma is wavelength

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12
Q

visible spectrum

A

part of spectrum perceived as light by the human eye
between wavelengths of 400 nm (violet) and 700 nm (red)
light containing all colors at equal intensity is perceived as white

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13
Q

perceiving light

A

an object that appears red is one that absorbs all colors of light except red
absorbs all wavelengths except the wavelength of the color we see
this implies that a red object under green illumination will appear black, bc it absorbs the green light and has no light to reflect

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14
Q

blackbody

A

refers to an ideal absorber of all wavelengths of light

would appear completely black if it were at lower temp than its surroundings

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15
Q

rectilinear propagation

A

when light travels though a homogeneous medium it travels in a straight line

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16
Q

geometrical optics

A

explains reflection and refraction
and the applications of mirrors and lenses
describes the behavior of light at the boundary of a medium or interface b/w 2 media

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17
Q

reflection

A

rebounding of incident light waves at the boundary of a medium
light waves that are reflected are not absorbed into the second medium but bounce off the boundary and travel back though the first medium

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18
Q

law of reflection

A

theta1=theta2
the incident angle is the same as the reflected angle
both measured from normal

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19
Q

normal

A

a line drawn perpendicular to the boundary of a medium

all angles in optics are measured from the normal not the surface of the medium

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20
Q

mirror images

A

images created can be real or virtual

one of the distinguishing features of real images is the ability of the image to be projected onto a screen

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21
Q

real images

A

image is real if the light actually converges at the position of the image
image can be projected onto a screen

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22
Q

virtual images

A

image is virtual is the light only appears to be coming from the position of the image but does not actually converge there

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23
Q

plane mirrors

A

flat reflective surfaces
parallel incident light rays remain parallel after reflection
cause neither convergence nor divergence of reflected light rays
always create virtual images
create the appearance of light rays originating behind the mirrored surface

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24
Q

spherical mirrors

A

come in 2 varieties: concave and convex
the mirror can be considered a spherical cap or dome taken from a larger spherically shaped mirror
have a center of curvature (C) and a radius of curvature (r)

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25
Q

center of curvature (C)

A

is a point on the optical axis located at a distance equal to the radius of curvature from the vertex of the mirror
would be the center of the spherically shaped mirror if it were a complete sphere

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26
Q

concave mirror

A

look from the inside of a sphere to its surface
like looking into a cave
are converging mirrors
cause parallel incident light rays to converge after they reflect

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27
Q

convex mirror

A

look from the outside of a sphere
are diverging mirrors
cause parallel incident light rays to diverge after they reflect

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28
Q

focal length (f)

A

is the distance b/w the focal point (F) and the mirror

f=r/2

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29
Q

3 mirror distances

A

focal length (f)
o is the distance b/w the object and the mirror
i is the distance b/w the image and the mirror

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30
Q

relationship of the distances

A

1/f=1/o+1/i=2/r

all values must use the same units

31
Q

image distance (i)

A

distance b/w the image and the mirror
1/i=1/f-1/o=2/r-1/o
if image is positive (i>0) then it is a real image
if image distance is negative (i<0) it is virtual and located behind the mirror

32
Q

magnification (m)

A 
is a dimensionless value that is the ratio of the image length to the object distance 
m=-i/o 
negative m signifies and inverted image 
postive m signifies an upright image 
m1 image is larger than object 
m=1 image is same size as object
33
Q

ray diagram

A

useful for getting an approximation of where an image is

34
Q

image types with a single lens or mirror

A

assuming o is postive
IR (infrared) and UV (ultraviolet) light
IR–> Inverted images are always Real
UV–> Upright images are always Virtual

35
Q

sign of o

A

positive o: object is in front of mirror

negative o: extremely rare, object is behind mirror

36
Q

sign of i

A

determines if real or virtual
postive i: real, image in front of mirror
negative i: virtual, image is behind mirror

37
Q

sign of r

A

determines converging or diverging
positive r: mirror is concave, converging
negative r: mirror is convex, diverging

38
Q

sign of f

A

determines converging or diverging
positive f: mirror is concave, converging
negative f: mirror is convex, diverging

39
Q

sign of m

A 
determines if its inverted or upright, and if its enlarged or reduced 
positive m: image is upright 
negative m: image is inverted 
m>1: image is enlarged 
m<1: image is reduced 
m=1: image is same size
40
Q

refraction

A

bending of light as is passes from one medium to another and changes speed
speed of light through any medium is always less than its speed through a vacuum

41
Q

Snell’s law

A

relates the incident angle, refracted angle, and indices of refraction for 2 media
for a given medium: n=c/v
c is speed of light in vacuum, v is speed of light in medium, and n is index of refraction

42
Q

index of refraction

A

ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium
=1 in a vacuum
for all other materials it will be greater than 1

43
Q

light entering a medium

A

when light enters a medium with higher index of refraction it bends toward the normal
when it enters a medium with lower index of refraction it bends away from normal

44
Q

total internal reflection

A

phenomenon in which all the light incident on a boundary is reflected back into the original material
results with any angle of incidents greater than the critical angle
if the angle is greater all light gets reflected back into original material
occurs as light moves from medium with higher refractive index to a medium of lower index

45
Q

critical angle

A

theta c=inverse sin(n2/n1)
refracted light ray passes along the interface b/w the 2 media
if angle is above the critical all light will be reflected

46
Q

lenses

A

devices that act to create an image by refracting light
usually have spherical surfaces
there are 2 surfaces that affect the light path
light is refracted twice as it passes from air to lens and from lens back to air

47
Q

converging lenses

A

thicker in the center (bulge out slightly)
reading glasses
needed for people who are farsighted (see far objects clearly)

48
Q

diverging lenses

A

thinner at the center thicker at the edges
standard glasses
needed for people who are nearsighted (see near objects clearly)

49
Q

lensmaker’s equation

A

1/f=(n-1)(1/r1-1/r2)

n is index of refraction of lens material, r1 is radius of curvature for first lens and r2 is radius for second lens

50
Q

sign of o for lenses

A

positive o: object is on same side of lens as light source

negative o: rare, object is on opposite side of lens from light source

51
Q

sign of i for lenses

A

determines real or virtual
positive i: real, image is on opposite side of lens from light source
negative i: virtual, image is on same side of lens as light source

52
Q

sign of r for lenses

A

determines converging or diverging
positive r: lens is convex, converging
negative r: lens is concave, diverging
*type of lens is opposite from mirror but converging and diverging is the same

53
Q

sign of f for lenses

A

determines converging or diverging
positive f: lens is convex, converging
negative f: lens is concave, diverging
*type of lens is opposite from mirror but converging and diverging is the same

54
Q

sign of m for lenses

A

determines upright or inverted
positive m: image is upright
negative m: image is inverted

55
Q

lens power (P)

A

how optometrist describe a lens
P=1/f
P has the same sign as f
positive for converging lenses and negative for diverging lenses

56
Q

bifocal lenses

A

corrective lenses that have 2 distinct regions
one that causes convergence of light to correct farsightedness, and second that causes divergence of light to correct nearsightedness

57
Q

hyperopia

A

farsightedness
see far objects clearly
need converging lenses to correct

58
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness
see near objects clearly
need diverging lenses to correct

59
Q

multiple lens systems

A

lenses in contact are a series of lenses with negligible distances b/w them
behave as a single lens w/ equivalent focal length
1/f=1/f1+1/f2+1/f3+…
P=P1+P2+P3+…

60
Q

corrective contact lens

A

example of multiple lens system

worn directly on the eye

61
Q

lenses not in contact

A

image of one lens becomes the object of another lens
image from the last lens is considered the image of the system
magnification of this type of system: m=m1Xm2Xm3X…
exp. microscopes and telescopes

62
Q

spherical aberration

A

blurring of the periphery of an image as a result of inadequate reflection of parallel beams at the edge of a mirror or inadequate refraction of parallel beams at the edge of a lens
creates an area of multiple images w/ slightly different image distances at the edge of the image, appears blurry

63
Q

dispersion

A

when various wavelengths of light separate from each other

common exp is the splitting of while light into its components colors using a prism

64
Q

speed of light for different wavelengths

A

in a vacuum, all wavelengths have the same speed
in a medium, different wavelengths travel at different speeds
implies that the index of refraction of medium affects the wavelengths of light passing thought a medium bc index is related to speed of light

65
Q

chromatic aberration

A

a dispersive effect within a spherical lens
leads to a rainbow halo at the edge of the image
depending on thickness and curvature of lens, may have significant splitting of white light, resulting in rainbow halo
corrected for in visual lenses with special coating

66
Q

diffraction

A

spreading out of light as it passes though a narrow opening or around an obstacle
interference b/w diffracted light rays lead to characteristic fringes in slit-lens and double-slit systems

67
Q

interference

A

interactions b/w waves traveling in the same space
may be constructive (waves adding together), destructive (waves canceling each other), partially constructive, or partially destructive

68
Q

diffraction gratings

A

multiple slits arranged in patterns

can create colorful patterns similar to a prism as the different wavelengths interfere in characteristic patterns

69
Q

x-ray diffraction

A

uses the being of light rays to create a model of molecules
often combined with protein crystallography during protein analysis
dark and light fringes do not take a linear appearance but a complex 2D image

70
Q

plane-polarized light

A

light in which the electric field of all waves are oriented in the same direction
their electric field vectors are parallel, and so are their magnetic field vectors
the plane of the electric field dictates the plane of polarization
classification of stereoisomers

71
Q

unpolarized light

A

random orientation of its electric field vectors

sunlight and light emitted from a light bulb

72
Q

classification of stereoisomers

A

the optical activity of a compound due to the presence of chiral centers causes plane-polarized light to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise by a given number of degrees relative to its concentration (specific rotation)

73
Q

polarizers

A

filters which allow only light with an electric field pointing in a particular direction to pass through
often used in cameras and sunglasses
if beam of light passes though a polarizer it will only let through that portion of light parallel to the axis of the polarizer

74
Q

circular polarization

A

rarely seen natural phenomenon
results from the interaction of light with certain pigments or highly specialized filters
have uniform amplitude but a continuously changing direction
which causes a helical orientation of prorating wave

MCAT (18 decks)

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