Comprehensive Quiz 3 (1-7) Flashcards
A human male has the following genotype:
Group of answer choices
X
Y
XY
XX
YY
XXY
The correct answer is XY.
This is the typical genotype for a biological male, where the individual inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father.
Here’s a breakdown of the other options:
X: Would indicate Turner syndrome (but this occurs in females).
Y: Not viable; a Y chromosome alone can’t support life.
XX: This is the typical female genotype.
YY: Not a viable human genotype.
XXY: Klinefelter syndrome, a condition where males have an extra X chromosome, often leading to some physical and developmental differences.
Enzymes are ___.
Group of answer choices
proteins
nucelotides
lipids
monosaccharides
sensitive to changes in temperature
sensitive to changes in pH
have an active site
The correct answer is: proteins.
However, the other options describe important characteristics of enzymes. Here’s how they relate:
Proteins: Enzymes are primarily proteins (though some RNA molecules, called ribozymes, can act as enzymes).
Sensitive to changes in temperature: Yes, enzymes can denature or lose activity at extreme temperatures.
Sensitive to changes in pH: Enzyme activity is pH-dependent; extreme pH values can alter the enzyme’s shape.
Have an active site: Enzymes have a specific region (the active site) where substrate molecules bind and reactions occur.
Incorrect options:
Nucleotides: These are building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Lipids: These are fats and oils, not involved in enzymatic activity.
Monosaccharides: Simple sugars, like glucose, not related to enzyme function.
In summary, enzymes are proteins with an active site and are sensitive to both temperature and pH changes.
(Choose ALL that apply)
Enzymes are ___.
Group of answer choices
proteins
nucelotides
lipids
monosaccharides
sensitive to changes in temperature
sensitive to changes in pH
have an active site
The correct answers are:
Proteins
Sensitive to changes in temperature
Sensitive to changes in pH
Have an active site
Explanation:
Proteins: Most enzymes are proteins, though a few RNA molecules can act as enzymes (ribozymes).
Sensitive to changes in temperature: High or low temperatures can disrupt the enzyme’s structure and function.
Sensitive to changes in pH: Extreme pH levels can alter the enzyme’s shape and affect its ability to bind substrates.
Have an active site: Enzymes contain a specific region (the active site) where substrates bind, facilitating the reaction.
Incorrect Options:
Nucleotides: These are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, not enzymes.
Lipids: Fats and oils, unrelated to enzymatic functions.
Monosaccharides: Simple sugars like glucose, not enzymes.
If a cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes mitosis without error, the daughter cells will each have:
Group of answer choices
92 chromosomes
46 chromosomes
23 chromosomes
22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
The correct answer is:
46 chromosomes
Explanation:
Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. Each daughter cell will have the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
In humans, somatic cells (body cells) have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). After mitosis, each daughter cell will also contain 46 chromosomes.
Why the other options are incorrect:
92 chromosomes: This would occur only if the chromosomes duplicated but the cell failed to divide properly.
23 chromosomes: This applies to gametes (sperm or egg) produced by meiosis, not mitosis.
22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome: This also describes gametes, not somatic cells produced by mitosis.
Match the structural level of proteins with its description.
Group of answer choices
The sequence of amino acids bonded together into a polypeptide
Primary
Folding of a polypeptide into either alpha helixes or beta pleated sheets
Secondary
The functional, three dimensional shape of a polypeptide
Tertiary
Several polypeptides, called subunits, are bonded together to create a functional protein
Quaternary
Here are the correct matches between the structural levels of proteins and their descriptions:
Primary:
The sequence of amino acids bonded together into a polypeptide.
Secondary:
Folding of a polypeptide into either alpha helices or beta pleated sheets.
Tertiary:
The functional, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide.
Quaternary:
Several polypeptides, called subunits, are bonded together to create a functional protein.
Explanation:
Primary structure: This is the linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Secondary structure: Local folding patterns, including alpha helices and beta sheets, are stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary structure: The overall 3D shape, formed by interactions between side chains (R groups), gives the polypeptide its functional form.
Quaternary structure: Some proteins are made of multiple polypeptide subunits working together as a single functional unit (e.g., hemoglobin).
The first phase of glucose metabolism is ___.
Group of answer choices
fermentation
the citric acid cycle
glycolysis
the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
the electron transport chain
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is: glycolysis.
Explanation:
Glycolysis is the first phase of glucose metabolism. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and involves breaking down one molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) into two molecules of pyruvate (each with 3 carbons). This process produces a small amount of ATP and NADH.
Why the other options are incorrect:
Fermentation: This is an anaerobic process that occurs after glycolysis if oxygen is unavailable. It regenerates NAD⁺ to allow glycolysis to continue.
The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle): This occurs after glycolysis, following the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, in the mitochondria.
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA: This step bridges glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The electron transport chain (ETC): This is the final step of aerobic respiration, occurring in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where most ATP is produced.
Thus, glycolysis is the first step in breaking down glucose for energy production.
G = googly eyes
g = non-googly eyes
If Mom is Gg and Dad is Gg, what is the chance that they will have a child with non-googly eyes?
Group of answer choices
3/4
1/2
1/4
4/4
To determine the chance of a child having non-googly eyes (gg), we can set up a Punnett square for the parents’ genotypes.
Parent Genotypes:
Mom: Gg
Dad: Gg
Punnett Square:
G g
G GG Gg
g Gg gg
Offspring Possibilities:
GG – Googly eyes
Gg – Googly eyes
Gg – Googly eyes
gg – Non-googly eyes
Probability of Non-Googly Eyes (gg):
Out of the four possibilities, only one (gg) results in non-googly eyes.
Thus, the probability of a child having non-googly eyes is:
1
4
=
0.25
=
25
%
4
1
=0.25=25%
Correct Answer:
1/4
0.314 m is equal to
Group of answer choices
314 mm
31.4 mm
.000314 km
3.14 x 10^2 mm
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
To convert 0.314 meters (m) to other units, let’s break it down:
Conversion Factors:
1 meter (m) = 1000 millimeters (mm)
1 meter (m) = 0.001 kilometers (km)
Step-by-Step Conversions:
0.314 m to millimeters (mm):
0.314
m
×
1000
mm/m
=
314
mm
0.314m×1000mm/m=314mm
0.314 m to kilometers (km):
0.314
m
×
0.001
km/m
=
0.000314
km
0.314m×0.001km/m=0.000314km
Correct Answer:
314 mm
(Choose ALL that apply)
0.314 m is equal to
Group of answer choices
314 mm
31.4 mm
.000314 km
3.14 x 10^2 mm
Here are the correct conversions for 0.314 meters (m):
314 mm
0.314
m
×
1000
mm/m
=
314
mm
0.314m×1000mm/m=314mm
This is correct.
31.4 mm
Incorrect. This would result from converting 0.0314 m to mm, not 0.314 m.
0.000314 km
0.314
m
×
0.001
km/m
=
0.000314
km
0.314m×0.001km/m=0.000314km
This is correct.
3.14 × 10² mm
314
mm
=
3.14
×
1
0
2
mm
314mm=3.14×10
2
mm
This is correct.
Correct Answers:
314 mm
0.000314 km
3.14 × 10² mm
(Choose the BEST answer)
Homeostasis is:
Group of answer choices
the balancing of internal and external conditions
the result of large fluctuations in internal conditions that mimic changes in the environment
an organism’s ability to thermoregulate
the maintenance of internal conditions within a narrow range despite changes in the environment
the ability of an orgaism to regulate salt concentrations
the ability of an organism to control the regulation of fluid balane
The BEST answer is:
“the maintenance of internal conditions within a narrow range despite changes in the environment.”
Explanation:
Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions (like body temperature, pH, glucose levels) within a narrow range, even when the external environment changes.
This process ensures that physiological systems work optimally, allowing the organism to survive and function properly.
Why the other options are less accurate:
“The balancing of internal and external conditions”: Not entirely accurate, as homeostasis focuses on maintaining internal balance. External conditions are not directly “balanced.”
“The result of large fluctuations…”: Incorrect, as homeostasis minimizes fluctuations, maintaining internal stability.
“An organism’s ability to thermoregulate”: Thermoregulation is a part of homeostasis, but homeostasis involves regulating more than just temperature.
“The ability to regulate salt concentrations”: This is osmoregulation, which is just one aspect of homeostasis.
“The regulation of fluid balance”: While fluid balance is important, homeostasis also includes many other physiological processes.
Thus, “the maintenance of internal conditions within a narrow range despite changes in the environment” is the most comprehensive definition.
DNA is
transcribed
into RNA; RNA is
translated
into proteins.
That’s correct! Your statement accurately describes the processes of protein synthesis. Here’s a brief overview of each step:
Transcription:
This process occurs in the nucleus, where a specific segment of DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA).
RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at a promoter region and synthesizes the mRNA strand by complementary base pairing (A with U and C with G).
Translation:
This process takes place in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes read the mRNA sequence.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome, matching their anticodons to the mRNA codons, resulting in the formation of a polypeptide chain (protein).
Summary:
DNA → RNA (Transcription)
RNA → Protein (Translation)
If yellow skin color is dominant over green skin color in Muppets, we could use ___ to represent the genotype of a green Muppet.
Group of answer choices
YY
Y
y
Yy
yy
To represent the genotype of a green Muppet, we would use:
yy
Explanation:
Dominant allele (yellow skin): Y
Recessive allele (green skin): y
Since green skin color is recessive, a Muppet would need to have two recessive alleles (yy) to express the green skin phenotype.
Summary of the options:
YY: Homozygous dominant (yellow skin)
Y: Represents one dominant allele (not a full genotype)
y: Represents one recessive allele (not a full genotype)
Yy: Heterozygous (yellow skin, carrying one green allele)
yy: Homozygous recessive (green skin)
Thus, the correct answer is yy.
(Choose ALL that apply)
Which of the following are true about hypotheses?
Group of answer choices
They are suggested explanations to an observation or problem
Hypotheses are made at the end of a research project
They are testable
they can be accepted or rejected based on experimental evidence
The statements that are true about hypotheses are:
They are suggested explanations to an observation or problem.
This is correct, as a hypothesis provides a potential explanation that can be tested.
They are testable.
This is also true. A hypothesis must be testable through experimentation or observation.
They can be accepted or rejected based on experimental evidence.
This is correct as well. A hypothesis is evaluated based on the results of experiments; it can be supported (accepted) or not supported (rejected).
Incorrect Statement:
Hypotheses are made at the end of a research project.
This is false. Hypotheses are typically formulated at the beginning of a research project to guide the investigation.
Summary of Correct Answers:
They are suggested explanations to an observation or problem.
They are testable.
They can be accepted or rejected based on experimental evidence.
(Choose ALL that apply)
Parents with normal phenotypes that are capable of having a child with a recessive phenotype are ___.
Group of answer choices
heterozygotes
homozygous recessive
homozygous dominant
carriers
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answers are:
Heterozygotes
Parents with normal phenotypes who can have a child with a recessive phenotype must carry one dominant allele and one recessive allele (genotype Aa). They exhibit the dominant trait but can pass on the recessive allele to their offspring.
Carriers
This term typically refers to individuals (like heterozygotes) who do not exhibit the recessive phenotype but carry the recessive allele (genotype Aa).
Incorrect Options:
Homozygous recessive
This genotype (aa) would display the recessive phenotype, not a normal phenotype.
Homozygous dominant
This genotype (AA) would express the dominant phenotype and would not have a recessive allele to pass on.
Summary of Correct Answers:
Heterozygotes
Carriers
Choose the BEST answer)
When an organism has the same dominant alleles at a gene locus, it is referred to as ___.
Group of answer choices
homozygous
homozygous recessive
homozygous dominant
heterozygous
heterozygous recessive
heterozygous dominant
The BEST answer is:
homozygous dominant
Explanation:
Homozygous means having two identical alleles at a gene locus.
Homozygous dominant specifically refers to having two dominant alleles (e.g., AA).
Homozygous recessive would refer to having two recessive alleles (e.g., aa).
Heterozygous indicates having one dominant and one recessive allele (e.g., Aa).
The terms heterozygous recessive and heterozygous dominant are not commonly used and can be misleading.
Thus, the correct term for having the same dominant alleles is homozygous dominant.
(Choose ALL that apply)
Organisms in the domain(s) ___ have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Group of answer choices
virus
eukarya
bacteria
archaea
The correct answer is:
Eukarya
Organisms in the domain Eukarya have a membrane-bound nucleus. This includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
Incorrect Options:
Virus: Viruses are not classified in any domain as they are not considered living organisms; they do not have a cellular structure or a nucleus.
Bacteria: Organisms in this domain are prokaryotic, meaning they do not have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Archaea: Similar to bacteria, archaea are also prokaryotic and lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
Summary of Correct Answers:
Eukarya
(Choose ALL that apply)
Macromolecules are large molecules that consists of smaller units linked together. The following are macromolecules:
Group of answer choices
DNA
atom
organelle
cell
carbohydrate
protein
lipid
The correct answers for macromolecules are:
DNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a macromolecule made up of nucleotide subunits.
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates are macromolecules composed of sugar units (monosaccharides) linked together.
Protein
Proteins are macromolecules formed from amino acid subunits linked by peptide bonds.
Lipid
Lipids can be considered macromolecules, although they do not have a true monomer structure like proteins or carbohydrates; they are composed of fatty acids and glycerol or other components.
Incorrect Options:
Atom: Atoms are the smallest units of matter and are not macromolecules.
Organelle: Organelles are specialized structures within a cell and are not classified as macromolecules.
Cell: A cell is the basic unit of life and is composed of many macromolecules but is not itself a macromolecule.
Summary of Correct Answers:
DNA
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Genes contain DNA which is passed on to offspring. This occurs during:
Group of answer choices
growth
reproduction
development
homeostasis
The correct answer is:
reproduction
Explanation:
Reproduction is the biological process through which genetic material (DNA) is passed from parents to offspring. This can occur through sexual reproduction (involving the combination of genetic material from two parents) or asexual reproduction (where an organism can reproduce without the involvement of another organism).
Why the Other Options are Incorrect:
Growth: This refers to an increase in size or mass of an organism and does not directly involve the passing of DNA.
Development: This refers to the processes by which an organism matures and differentiates but does not specifically relate to the passing of DNA to offspring.
Homeostasis: This is the process by which organisms maintain stable internal conditions and is unrelated to the transfer of genetic material.
Thus, the best choice is reproduction.
(Choose the BEST answer)
The process of science differs from opinions or beliefs due to:
Group of answer choices
hypotheses
the scientific method
observations
publishing journal articles
The BEST answer is:
the scientific method
Explanation:
The scientific method is a systematic approach to inquiry that involves making observations, forming hypotheses, conducting experiments, collecting data, and drawing conclusions. This process is objective and relies on empirical evidence, which distinguishes scientific knowledge from personal opinions or beliefs, which may not be based on evidence or systematic investigation.
Why the Other Options are Less Comprehensive:
Hypotheses: While they are an important part of the scientific process, they are just one step in the overall methodology.
Observations: These are crucial for forming hypotheses and conducting experiments, but they alone do not define the scientific approach.
Publishing journal articles: This is a means of sharing scientific findings, but the process of science itself is rooted in the scientific method.
Thus, the most encompassing answer is the scientific method.
(Choose ALL that apply).
Which of the following statements are true about random/independent assortment?
Group of answer choices
it occurs during meiosis II
it separates homologous chromosomes
it increases genetic diversity
daughter cells produced after this step will either contain all DNA from the individual’s Mom or the individual’s Dad
The true statements about random/independent assortment are:
It increases genetic diversity
Independent assortment allows for different combinations of alleles to be distributed to gametes, contributing to genetic variation in offspring.
It separates homologous chromosomes
During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are separated, and this separation is a key aspect of independent assortment.
Incorrect Statements:
It occurs during meiosis II
Independent assortment occurs primarily during meiosis I when homologous chromosomes are separated. Meiosis II involves the separation of sister chromatids, but independent assortment is specifically related to the arrangement of homologous pairs.
Daughter cells produced after this step will either contain all DNA from the individual’s Mom or the individual’s Dad
This is incorrect because independent assortment results in daughter cells that contain a mix of alleles from both parents, not just from one.
Summary of Correct Answers:
It increases genetic diversity
It separates homologous chromosomes
(Choose ALL that apply)
Which of the following can cause an enzyme not to function properly?
Group of answer choices
a change in temperature
a change in pH
allosteric inhibitors
competitive inhibitors
noncompetitive inhibitors
anything that blocks the active site
All of the following options can cause an enzyme not to function properly:
A change in temperature
Enzymes have optimal temperature ranges; deviations can denature the enzyme or reduce its activity.
A change in pH
Enzymes also have optimal pH levels; changes can lead to denaturation or affect the charge properties of amino acids, altering enzyme function.
Allosteric inhibitors
These bind to sites other than the active site, changing the enzyme’s shape and inhibiting its activity.
Competitive inhibitors
These bind to the active site, competing with the substrate and reducing the enzyme’s ability to catalyze reactions.
Noncompetitive inhibitors
These bind to an enzyme at a different site and change its shape, inhibiting its function regardless of whether the substrate is bound.
Anything that blocks the active site
This includes competitive inhibitors and other molecules that prevent substrate binding, thereby inhibiting enzyme activity.
Summary of Correct Answers:
A change in temperature
A change in pH
Allosteric inhibitors
Competitive inhibitors
Noncompetitive inhibitors
Anything that blocks the active site
The three dimensional shape of a protein affects its ability to function.
Group of answer choices
True
False
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
True
Explanation:
The three-dimensional shape (or conformation) of a protein is crucial for its function. Proteins perform their specific tasks based on their unique structures, which are determined by the sequence of amino acids. Any change in the shape, due to factors like pH, temperature, or mutations, can impact the protein’s ability to bind to substrates, interact with other molecules, and carry out its biological functions. This relationship between structure and function is a fundamental principle in biochemistry and molecular biology.
(Choose ALL that apply)
Carbohydrates are involved with:
Group of answer choices
energy storage
structural support
catalyzing chemical reactions
storing genetic information
cell-to-cell recognition
The correct statements about the roles of carbohydrates are:
Energy storage
Carbohydrates, such as glycogen in animals and starch in plants, serve as important energy storage molecules.
Structural support
Carbohydrates contribute to structural integrity in organisms; for example, cellulose in plant cell walls provides rigidity and strength.
Cell-to-cell recognition
Carbohydrates on the surfaces of cells are involved in cell recognition and signaling, often in the form of glycoproteins and glycolipids.
Incorrect Statements:
Catalyzing chemical reactions
This is primarily the role of enzymes (which are proteins), not carbohydrates.
Storing genetic information
Genetic information is stored in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), not carbohydrates.
Summary of Correct Answers:
Energy storage
Structural support
Cell-to-cell recognition
(Choose the BEST answer)
The molecule that stores the information about the order of amino acids in a protein is ___.
Group of answer choices
tRNA
DNA
ATP
RNA
codon
The BEST answer is:
DNA
Explanation:
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) contains the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. It encodes the order of amino acids in proteins through sequences of nucleotides.
Why the Other Options Are Less Suitable:
tRNA (Transfer RNA): While tRNA helps bring the appropriate amino acids during protein synthesis, it does not store the information about the amino acid sequence.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): ATP is the primary energy carrier in cells and does not store genetic information.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): While RNA plays a role in translating the genetic information from DNA into proteins, it is not the molecule that stores that information.
Codon: A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid, but it is part of the larger context of RNA and does not store information itself.
Thus, the correct answer is DNA.
(Choose ALL that apply)
_________ will increase the rate of a reaction.
Group of answer choices
A temperature increase
A temperature decrease
The pH becoming more acidic
An increase in the substrate concentration
An increase in the product concentration
The options that will increase the rate of a reaction are:
A temperature increase
Increasing the temperature typically increases the kinetic energy of molecules, leading to more frequent and effective collisions, thus increasing the reaction rate.
The pH becoming more acidic
For some enzymes, a more acidic pH can enhance their activity if it aligns with their optimal pH range. However, this is context-dependent, as not all enzymes function better in acidic conditions.
An increase in the substrate concentration
Increasing the concentration of substrates generally increases the reaction rate, up to a point (at saturation, where all active sites are occupied).
Incorrect Options:
A temperature decrease
Lowering the temperature typically slows down molecular movement, reducing the rate of reactions.
An increase in the product concentration
Generally, increasing the concentration of products in a reversible reaction can shift the equilibrium and decrease the reaction rate in the forward direction.
Summary of Correct Answers:
A temperature increase
The pH becoming more acidic
An increase in the substrate concentration
The “energy currency” of the cell is ___.
Group of answer choices
glucose
ATP
ADP + Pi
starch
DNA
carbohydrates
The correct answer is:
ATP
Explanation:
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is often referred to as the “energy currency” of the cell because it stores and provides energy for various cellular processes. When ATP is hydrolyzed (broken down), it releases energy that can be used for activities such as muscle contraction, active transport, and biochemical reactions.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
Glucose: While glucose is an important energy source and can be broken down to produce ATP, it is not the direct form of energy used by cells.
ADP + Pi: Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) are the products of ATP hydrolysis; they can be used to regenerate ATP but are not themselves considered the energy currency.
Starch: Starch is a storage form of energy in plants but not the primary energy currency used directly by cells.
DNA: DNA is involved in genetic information storage, not energy transfer.
Carbohydrates: While they can be a source of energy (like glucose), they are not the immediate “currency” of energy transfer within cells.
Thus, the best answer is ATP.
(Choose ALL that apply)
Ribosomes can be found ________.
Group of answer choices
in the cytosol
in the nucleus
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
attached to mitochondria
Ribosomes can be found in the following locations:
In the cytosol
Ribosomes can exist freely in the cytosol, where they synthesize proteins that function within the cytoplasm.
Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes that are bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) synthesize proteins that are either secreted from the cell or incorporated into the cell’s membrane.
Attached to mitochondria
Mitochondria have their own ribosomes (similar to bacterial ribosomes) for synthesizing some of their own proteins, as they are semi-autonomous organelles.
Incorrect Option:
In the nucleus
Ribosomes are not found in the nucleus itself; however, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized in the nucleolus (a part of the nucleus) and then combined with proteins to form ribosomal subunits, which are then transported to the cytoplasm.
Summary of Correct Answers:
In the cytosol
Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
Attached to mitochondria
Solutions that cause cells to neither gain nor lose water are known as ___ solutions.
Group of answer choices
hypotonic
hypertonic
isotonic
osmotic
The correct answer is:
isotonic
Explanation:
Isotonic solutions have the same concentration of solutes as the inside of the cell, resulting in no net movement of water. This means that cells will neither gain nor lose water when placed in an isotonic solution, maintaining their shape and size.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
Hypotonic: A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell, causing water to enter the cell, which may lead to swelling or bursting.
Hypertonic: A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell, causing water to leave the cell, which may lead to shrinkage or crenation.
Osmotic: While this term relates to the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, it does not specifically describe a solution in relation to cell water balance.
Thus, the best answer is isotonic.
(Choose ALL that apply)
The plasma membrane is “sugar coated” by ___.
Group of answer choices
glycolipids
glycolysis
glycocarbs
glyconucleotides
glycoproteins
The correct answers are:
Glycolipids
These are lipids with carbohydrate chains attached, found on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane, contributing to cell recognition and signaling.
Glycoproteins
These are proteins with carbohydrate groups attached, also located on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. They play important roles in cell recognition, communication, and signaling.
Incorrect Options:
Glycolysis: This is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to extract energy, not related to the structure of the plasma membrane.
Glycocarbs: This term is not commonly used in biological terminology and doesn’t specifically refer to components of the plasma membrane.
Glyconucleotides: This term is not widely recognized in the context of cell biology or the plasma membrane.
Summary of Correct Answers:
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
(Choose the BEST answer)
If oxygen is not available, what happens?
Group of answer choices
fermentation
glycolysis followed by fermentation
glycolysis followed by the citric acid cycle followed by fermentation
fermentation followed by the electron transport chain
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The BEST answer is:
glycolysis followed by fermentation
Explanation:
In the absence of oxygen, cells undergo glycolysis to break down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP.
Since oxygen is not available to fully oxidize pyruvate in the citric acid cycle, the pyruvate is then converted to either lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in yeast and some bacteria) through fermentation.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
Fermentation: While fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen, this option does not include glycolysis, which is the first step in the breakdown of glucose.
Glycolysis followed by the citric acid cycle followed by fermentation: This option is incorrect because the citric acid cycle requires oxygen, so it cannot proceed without it.
Fermentation followed by the electron transport chain: The electron transport chain also requires oxygen; therefore, it cannot occur in its absence.
Thus, the best answer is glycolysis followed by fermentation.
Which of the following citric acid cycle products is disposed of by our respiratory system when we exhale?
Group of answer choices
oxygen
ATP
NADH
FADH2
carbon dioxide
ADP+Pi
nitrogen
The correct answer is:
carbon dioxide
Explanation:
During the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), acetyl-CoA is oxidized, leading to the production of carbon dioxide (CO₂) as a waste product. This CO₂ is then transported in the bloodstream to the lungs, where it is exhaled.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
Oxygen: Oxygen is not a product of the citric acid cycle; it is used in cellular respiration.
ATP: While ATP is produced during the citric acid cycle, it is not a waste product exhaled by the respiratory system.
NADH: NADH is an electron carrier produced during the cycle and is used in the electron transport chain, not exhaled.
FADH2: Similar to NADH, FADH2 is produced during the cycle and is also used in the electron transport chain.
ADP + Pi: These are reactants involved in ATP synthesis and are not produced or disposed of in the cycle.
Nitrogen: Nitrogen is not a product of the citric acid cycle.
Thus, the best answer is carbon dioxide.
(Choose the BEST answer)
After glycolysis when oxygen is present:
Group of answer choices
fermentaion occurs
pyruvate enters the nucleus
pyruvate is formed in the cytoplasm
acetyl CoA enters the mitochondria
pyruvate enters the mitochondria
The BEST answer is:
pyruvate enters the mitochondria
Explanation:
After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, pyruvate, which is produced in the cytoplasm, is transported into the mitochondria. Once inside, it is converted into acetyl-CoA before entering the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) for further energy production.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
Fermentation occurs: Fermentation occurs when oxygen is not present, so this option is not applicable when oxygen is available.
Pyruvate enters the nucleus: Pyruvate does not enter the nucleus; it is transported to the mitochondria for further processing.
Acetyl CoA enters the mitochondria: While acetyl-CoA is produced in the mitochondria, it is derived from pyruvate after pyruvate has entered the mitochondria.
Pyruvate is formed in the cytoplasm: While it is true that pyruvate is formed in the cytoplasm during glycolysis, this statement does not address what happens after glycolysis when oxygen is present.
Thus, the best answer is pyruvate enters the mitochondria.
The electron transport chain is located in the ___.
Group of answer choices
cytosol
ribosomes
mitochondria
nucleus
cytoplasm
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
The correct answer is:
mitochondria
Explanation:
The electron transport chain (ETC) is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons derived from NADH and FADH2 (produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:
Cytosol: This is the fluid component of the cytoplasm, but the electron transport chain is not located here.
Ribosomes: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis and are not involved in the electron transport chain.
Nucleus: The nucleus houses the genetic material and is not where the electron transport chain operates.
Cytoplasm: While the cytoplasm encompasses the entire area of the cell, the specific location of the electron transport chain is the inner mitochondrial membrane, not the cytoplasm as a whole.
Thus, the best answer is mitochondria.
Which of the following describe gametes (mark all that apply).
Group of answer choices
are haploid
contain homologous chromosomes
have half the number of chromosomes of other body cells
are produced during mitosis
genetically unique
The correct statements that describe gametes are:
Are haploid
Gametes (sperm and eggs) contain only one set of chromosomes, making them haploid (n), as opposed to diploid (2n) somatic cells that contain two sets of chromosomes.
Have half the number of chromosomes of other body cells
Gametes have half the chromosome number of diploid body cells. For example, in humans, body cells have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), while gametes have 23 chromosomes.
Genetically unique
Gametes are genetically unique due to the processes of meiosis and genetic recombination, which include crossing over and independent assortment.
Incorrect Statements:
Contain homologous chromosomes
Gametes do not contain homologous chromosomes. They only have one copy of each chromosome (one from each parent), while homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) found in diploid cells.
Are produced during mitosis
Gametes are produced during meiosis, not mitosis. Meiosis is the specialized type of cell division that produces haploid gametes.
Summary of Correct Answers:
Are haploid
Have half the number of chromosomes of other body cells
Genetically unique
(Choose ALL that apply)
Which of the following are not true about homologous chromosomes?
Group of answer choices
one set comes from your mother and one set comes from your father
they are identical
homologs carry similar traits
they are separated during meiosis I
The statements that are not true about homologous chromosomes are:
They are identical
This statement is false. Homologous chromosomes are not identical; they are similar in shape, size, and genetic content but can have different alleles for the same gene (e.g., one might carry a gene for brown eyes while the other carries a gene for blue eyes).
True Statements (for clarity):
One set comes from your mother and one set comes from your father
This statement is true. Each individual inherits one set of homologous chromosomes from each parent.
Homologs carry similar traits
This statement is true. Homologous chromosomes carry genes for the same traits, but the specific alleles may differ.
They are separated during meiosis I
This statement is true. Homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis I, ensuring that each gamete receives only one chromosome from each pair.
Summary of Incorrect Statements:
They are identical
(Choose ALL that apply)
Interphase consists of the following stages:
Group of answer choices
M
G1
G2
S
mitosis
meiosis
The stages that are part of interphase are:
G1
This is the first gap phase where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication.
S
This phase is where DNA synthesis occurs, resulting in the duplication of chromosomes.
G2
This is the second gap phase where the cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis.
Incorrect Options:
M: This refers to the mitotic phase (which includes mitosis and cytokinesis), not a part of interphase.
Mitosis: This is the process of cell division itself, which occurs after interphase and is not a part of interphase.
Meiosis: This is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in gametes, and is not part of interphase.
Summary of Correct Answers:
G1
S
G2
Daughter cells produced by mitosis are
diploid
.
Daughter cells produced by meiosis I are
diploid
.
Daughter cells produced by meiosis II are
haploid
.
Here’s the corrected information regarding the ploidy of daughter cells produced by mitosis and meiosis:
Daughter cells produced by mitosis are diploid.
Correct: Mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells, each with the same chromosome number as the original cell (for example, in humans, 46 chromosomes).
Daughter cells produced by meiosis I are diploid.
Incorrect: Daughter cells produced by meiosis I are haploid. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, resulting in two haploid cells (each with half the chromosome number, for example, 23 chromosomes in humans).
Daughter cells produced by meiosis II are haploid.
Correct: Meiosis II further divides the haploid cells, resulting in four haploid daughter cells, each containing a single set of chromosomes (23 chromosomes in humans).
Summary of Corrected Statements:
Daughter cells produced by mitosis are diploid.
Daughter cells produced by meiosis I are haploid.
Daughter cells produced by meiosis II are haploid.
(Choose ALL that apply)
Genes that cause a cell to become cancerous are called ___.
Group of answer choices
proto-oncogenes
tumor activator genes
plasmids
oncogenes
tumor supressor genes
The correct answers are:
Proto-oncogenes
These are normal genes that can become oncogenes (cancer-causing genes) when mutated or overexpressed. Proto-oncogenes promote cell growth and division.
Oncogenes
These are mutated forms of proto-oncogenes that have the potential to cause cancer. They drive the uncontrolled growth of cells.
Incorrect Options:
Tumor activator genes: This term is not commonly used in the context of cancer genetics. It may be a misnomer for tumor-promoting genes, which are typically referred to as oncogenes.
Plasmids: These are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria, and they are not related to cancer development in human cells.
Tumor suppressor genes: These genes normally help regulate cell growth and prevent tumor formation. When tumor suppressor genes are mutated or inactivated, their loss of function can lead to cancer, but they are not the genes that cause cancer; rather, their dysfunction contributes to cancer development.
Summary of Correct Answers:
Proto-oncogenes
Oncogenes
How many different types of gametes can a a Muppet with the genotype LLGG produce?
Group of answer choices
four
three
two
one
To determine how many different types of gametes a Muppet with the genotype LLGG can produce, we can use the following information:
Genotype Analysis:
The genotype LLGG has two pairs of homozygous alleles:
LL (homozygous for the trait represented by L)
GG (homozygous for the trait represented by G)
Gamete Formation:
Since both gene pairs are homozygous, they can only contribute one type of allele to the gametes:
From LL, the only allele contributed is L.
From GG, the only allele contributed is G.
Gamete Types:
Thus, the only type of gamete that can be produced is LG.
Conclusion:
Since there is only one type of gamete that can be produced from the genotype LLGG, the answer is one.
A cross between a heterozygous parent and a homozygous recessive parent results in a phenotypic ratio of ___.
Group of answer choices
1:1
1:3
1:2:1
3:1
0:4
4:0
To determine the phenotypic ratio resulting from a cross between a heterozygous parent and a homozygous recessive parent, let’s define the alleles:
Let A represent the dominant allele.
Let a represent the recessive allele.
Genotypes of the Parents:
Heterozygous parent: Aa
Homozygous recessive parent: aa
Possible Gametes:
The heterozygous parent (Aa) can produce two types of gametes: A and a.
The homozygous recessive parent (aa) can only produce one type of gamete: a.
Punnett Square:
When we set up the Punnett square for the cross:
A a
a Aa aa
a Aa aa
Offspring Genotypes:
Aa (heterozygous)
aa (homozygous recessive)
Phenotypic Ratio:
The phenotypic ratio of the offspring is:
1 (Aa) shows the dominant phenotype
1 (aa) shows the recessive phenotype
Thus, the phenotypic ratio is 1:1.
Answer:
1:1
(Choose ALL that apply)
Which of the following are true about alleles?
Group of answer choices
their trait does not always contributes to an individual’s phenotype
they exist in the same locus on homologous chromosomes
they are alternate forms of the same gene
they arise due to mutations
The statements that are true about alleles are:
Their trait does not always contribute to an individual’s phenotype
This is true because some alleles can be recessive and may not express their trait in the presence of a dominant allele.
They exist in the same locus on homologous chromosomes
This is true. Alleles for a particular gene are located at the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes.
They are alternate forms of the same gene
This is true. Alleles represent different versions or variations of a gene that can produce different traits.
They arise due to mutations
This is true. Alleles can arise from mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene, leading to different variations.
Summary of Correct Answers:
Their trait does not always contribute to an individual’s phenotype
They exist in the same locus on homologous chromosomes
They are alternate forms of the same gene
They arise due to mutations
Thus, all the provided statements about alleles are true.
Aneuploidy ___. (Mark all that apply).
Group of answer choices
includes monosomy
includes trisomy
includes euploidy
does not include euploidy
The correct statements about aneuploidy are:
Includes monosomy
True: Monosomy is a type of aneuploidy where there is only one copy of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two. For example, Turner syndrome is caused by monosomy of the X chromosome (45, X).
Includes trisomy
True: Trisomy is another form of aneuploidy where there are three copies of a particular chromosome instead of the normal two. For example, Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is caused by having three copies of chromosome 21.
Includes euploidy
False: Euploidy refers to a condition where the number of chromosomes is a multiple of the haploid number (e.g., diploid, triploid). It does not fall under the category of aneuploidy.
Does not include euploidy
True: This statement is accurate because aneuploidy specifically refers to an abnormal number of chromosomes, which does not include the normal euploid conditions.
Summary of Correct Answers:
Includes monosomy
Includes trisomy
Does not include euploidy
Thus, the correct statements are:
Includes monosomy
Includes trisomy
Does not include euploidy
(Choose the BEST answers)
Osmosis refers to the movement of
solutes
from areas of
high solute concentration
to areas of
low solute concentration
.
The statement about osmosis contains inaccuracies regarding the movement of solutes and water. Here’s the corrected version:
Osmosis refers to the movement of water from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.
Explanation:
Osmosis specifically involves the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane, not solutes.
Water moves from areas where there are fewer solute particles (higher water concentration) to areas where there are more solute particles (lower water concentration), which is essentially moving towards the higher concentration of solutes.
Summary of the Best Answer:
Osmosis refers to the movement of water from areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration.
(Choose ALL that apply)
Which of the following are characteristics of living organisms?
Group of answer choices
they are made of cells
they respond to stimuli
they breathe oxygen
they reproduce
they grow
they evolve
they maintain homeostasis
they do not use energy
The characteristics of living organisms include:
They are made of cells
True: All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life.
They respond to stimuli
True: Living organisms can respond to changes in their environment, demonstrating sensitivity to stimuli.
They breathe oxygen
False: While many organisms (like animals) require oxygen for cellular respiration, not all living organisms breathe oxygen. For example, some bacteria and anaerobic organisms do not use oxygen.
They reproduce
True: Living organisms have the ability to reproduce, either sexually or asexually, to pass on genetic information to the next generation.
They grow
True: Living organisms grow and develop, increasing in size or complexity over time.
They evolve
True: Populations of living organisms evolve over time through the process of natural selection and genetic changes.
They maintain homeostasis
True: Living organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain stable, constant conditions (homeostasis), such as temperature and pH levels.
They do not use energy
False: Living organisms require energy to perform various functions, such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
Summary of Correct Answers:
They are made of cells
They respond to stimuli
They reproduce
They grow
They evolve
They maintain homeostasis
Thus, the characteristics of living organisms are:
They are made of cells
They respond to stimuli
They reproduce
They grow
They evolve
They maintain homeostasis
(Choose all that apply)
3.0 x10-3 m is
Group of answer choices
three million millimeters
an example of scientific notation
three meters
three millimeters
three hundred meters
The correct interpretations of 3.0 x 10^-3 m are:
An example of scientific notation
True: The expression 3.0 x 10^-3 is indeed in scientific notation, which is used to express numbers that are too large or too small in a more manageable form.
Three million millimeters
False: 3.0 x 10^-3 m is equal to 3.0 mm, not three million millimeters.
Three meters
False: 3.0 x 10^-3 m is equal to 0.003 m, which is not three meters.
Three millimeters
True: 3.0 x 10^-3 m is equivalent to 3.0 mm because
1
𝑚
=
1000
𝑚
𝑚
1m=1000mm.
Three hundred meters
False: 3.0 x 10^-3 m is far less than three hundred meters.
Summary of Correct Answers:
An example of scientific notation
Three millimeters
Thus, the correct options are:
An example of scientific notation
Three millimeters
Most of the ATP produced by cellular respiration is produced by oxidative phosphorylation and energy released by the electron transport chain.
Group of answer choices
True
False
The statement is True.
Explanation:
Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
It involves the electron transport chain (ETC), where electrons are transferred through a series of protein complexes.
As electrons move through the ETC, they release energy, which is used to pump protons (H⁺ ions) into the intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.
The return flow of protons back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase drives the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).
Summary:
Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration does come from oxidative phosphorylation and the energy released by the electron transport chain. Thus, the answer is True.
(Choose the BEST answer)
Which type of fermentation can occur in animal cells?
Group of answer choices
basic fermentation
alcohol fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
aerobic fermentation
obligate fermentation
The correct answer is lactic acid fermentation.
Explanation:
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in animal cells (including human muscle cells) when oxygen is scarce. During intense exercise, for example, muscle cells may switch to lactic acid fermentation to produce ATP without oxygen, resulting in the production of lactic acid.
Alcohol fermentation occurs primarily in yeast and some bacteria, not in animal cells.
Basic fermentation is not a standard term used in biology for any specific type of fermentation.
Aerobic fermentation is a misleading term, as fermentation generally refers to anaerobic processes (occurring without oxygen).
Obligate fermentation refers to organisms that can only undergo fermentation and cannot perform aerobic respiration, but it does not apply specifically to animal cells.
Summary:
The type of fermentation that can occur in animal cells is lactic acid fermentation.
(Choose ALL that apply)
Color blindness in humans is X-linked. If Dad is color blind, but Mom is a carrier for color blindness, which of the following is true?
Group of answer choices
all daughters will be carriers
there is a 50% chance that their sons will be color blind
there is a 50% chance that their daughters will be color blind
all daughters will be color blind
no daughters will be colorblind
there is not enough information to answer this question
To analyze the genetic scenario given, let’s break down the alleles involved:
Let XC represent the normal vision allele.
Let Xc represent the color blindness allele.
Since color blindness is X-linked:
The father (who is color blind) has the genotype XcY.
The mother (who is a carrier) has the genotype XCXc.
Possible Offspring:
Using a Punnett square, we can predict the possible genotypes of the offspring:
XC Xc
Xc (Dad) XCXc (Daughter, carrier) XcXc (Daughter, color blind)
Y (Dad) XCY (Son, normal vision) XcY (Son, color blind)
Results:
All daughters will be carriers
False: Daughters will either be carriers (XCXc) or color blind (XcXc).
There is a 50% chance that their sons will be color blind
True: Sons can inherit either the XC from their mother (normal vision) or the Xc from their father (color blind), resulting in a 50% chance of being color blind (XcY).
There is a 50% chance that their daughters will be color blind
True: Daughters have a 50% chance of being color blind (XcXc), as there is one color blind X from the father and one normal vision X from the mother.
All daughters will be color blind
False: As explained, daughters can be carriers or color blind.
No daughters will be color blind
False: There is a chance that daughters will be color blind.
There is not enough information to answer this question
False: We have enough information based on the genotypes provided.
Summary of Correct Answers:
There is a 50% chance that their sons will be color blind
There is a 50% chance that their daughters will be color blind
Thus, the correct options are:
There is a 50% chance that their sons will be color blind
There is a 50% chance that their daughters will be color blind
