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BIO156 > Chapter 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

alpha-helix structure (α-helix)

A

type of secondary structure of proteins formed by folding of the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure

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2
Q

type of secondary structure of proteins formed by folding of the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure

A

alpha-helix structure (α-helix)

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3
Q

amino acid

A

monomer of a protein; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 amino acids

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4
Q

monomer of a protein; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 amino acids

A

amino acid

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5
Q

beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated)

A

secondary structure found in proteins in which “pleats” are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

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6
Q

secondary structure found in proteins in which “pleats” are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

A

beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated)

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7
Q

biological macromolecule

A

large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

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8
Q

large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

A

biological macromolecule

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9
Q

carbohydrate

A

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form the a cellular exoskeleton of arthropods

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10
Q

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form the a cellular exoskeleton of arthropods

A

carbohydrate

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11
Q

polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants; provides structural support to the cell

A

cellulose

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11
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants; provides structural support to the cell

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12
Q

chaperone (also, chaperonin)

A

protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process

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13
Q

protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process

A

chaperone (also, chaperonin)

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14
Q

reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed

A

dehydration synthesis (also, condensation)

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14
Q

chitin

A

type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms the cell walls of fungi

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15
Q

dehydration synthesis (also, condensation)

A

reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed

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15
Q

type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms the cell walls of fungi

A

chitin

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16
Q

denaturation

A

loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals

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17
Q

loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals

A

denaturation

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18
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

double-helical molecule that carries the hereditary information of the cell

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19
Q

double-helical molecule that carries the hereditary information of the cell

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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20
Q

disaccharide

A

two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycosidic bond

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21
Q

two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycosidic bond

A

disaccharide

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22
catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein
enzyme
22
enzyme
catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein
23
glycogen
storage carbohydrate in animals
24
storage carbohydrate in animals
glycogen
25
glycosidic bond
bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with the elimination of a water molecule
26
bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with the elimination of a water molecule
glycosidic bond
27
hormone
chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes
28
chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes
hormone
29
causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules with the utilization of water
hydrolysis reaction
29
hydrolysis reaction
causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules with the utilization of water
30
macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water
lipid
31
lipid
macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water
32
RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis
messenger RNA (mRNA)
32
messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis
33
monomer
smallest unit of larger molecules called polymers
34
smallest unit of larger molecules called polymers
monomer
35
monosaccharide
single unit or monomer of carbohydrates
36
single unit or monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
37
nucleic acid
biological macromolecule that carries the genetic blueprint of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell
38
biological macromolecule that carries the genetic blueprint of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell
nucleic acid
39
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.
40
monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.
nucleotide
41
omega fat
type of polyunsaturated fat that is required by the body; the numbering of the carbon omega starts from the methyl end or the end that is farthest from the carboxylic end
42
polymer
chain of monomer residues that is linked by covalent bonds; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation
42
phosphodiester linkage
covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking two pentose sugars of neighboring nucleotides
42
type of polyunsaturated fat that is required by the body; the numbering of the carbon omega starts from the methyl end or the end that is farthest from the carboxylic end
omega fat
42
bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction
peptide bond
42
peptide bond
bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction
42
covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking two pentose sugars of neighboring nucleotides
phosphodiester linkage
42
chain of monomer residues that is linked by covalent bonds; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation
polymer
42
phospholipid
major constituent of the membranes; composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate- containing group attached to a glycerol backbone
43
major constituent of the membranes; composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate- containing group attached to a glycerol backbone
phospholipid
44
polynucleotide
long chain of nucleotides
45
long chain of nucleotides
polynucleotide
46
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
47
long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
polypeptide
48
polysaccharide
long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched
49
long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched
polysaccharide
50
primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
51
protein
biological macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids
52
linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
primary structure
53
biological macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids
protein
54
purine
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines
55
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines
purine
56
pyrimidine
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.
57
association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein
quaternary structure
57
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.
pyrimidine
58
quaternary structure
association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein
59
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in protein synthesis
60
single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in protein synthesis
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
61
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
RNA that ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes the formation of the peptide linkage
62
long-chain of hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
saturated fatty acid
62
RNA that ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes the formation of the peptide linkage
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
62
secondary structure
regular structure formed by proteins by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue
63
saturated fatty acid
long-chain of hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
64
regular structure formed by proteins by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue
secondary structure
65
starch
storage carbohydrate in plants
66
storage carbohydrate in plants
starch
67
steroid
type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure
68
type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure
steroid
69
tertiary structure
three-dimensional conformation of a protein, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains
70
three-dimensional conformation of a protein, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains
tertiary structure
71
fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils, leading to a different arrangement of double bond(s) than those found in naturally occurring lipids.
trans fat
71
trans fat
fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils, leading to a different arrangement of double bond(s) than those found in naturally occurring lipids.
71
transcription
process through which messenger RNA forms on a template of DNA
72
process through which messenger RNA forms on a template of DNA
transcription
73
transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome
74
process through which RNA directs the formation of protein
translation
74
RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome
transfer RNA (tRNA)
75
translation
process through which RNA directs the formation of protein
76
fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
triacylglycerol (also, triglyceride)
76
triacylglycerol (also, triglyceride)
fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
77
unsaturated fatty acid
long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
78
long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain
unsaturated fatty acid
79
wax
lipid made of a long-chain fatty acid that is esterified to a long-chain alcohol; serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves
80
lipid made of a long-chain fatty acid that is esterified to a long-chain alcohol; serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves
wax

BIO156 (13 decks)

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