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BIO156 > Chapter 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

alpha-helix structure (α-helix)

A

type of secondary structure of proteins formed by folding of the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure

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2
Q

type of secondary structure of proteins formed by folding of the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure

A

alpha-helix structure (α-helix)

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3
Q

amino acid

A

monomer of a protein; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 amino acids

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4
Q

monomer of a protein; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 amino acids

A

amino acid

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5
Q

beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated)

A

secondary structure found in proteins in which “pleats” are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

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6
Q

secondary structure found in proteins in which “pleats” are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain

A

beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated)

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7
Q

biological macromolecule

A

large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

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8
Q

large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

A

biological macromolecule

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9
Q

carbohydrate

A

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form the a cellular exoskeleton of arthropods

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10
Q

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form the a cellular exoskeleton of arthropods

A

carbohydrate

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11
Q

polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants; provides structural support to the cell

A

cellulose

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11
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plants; provides structural support to the cell

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12
Q

chaperone (also, chaperonin)

A

protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process

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13
Q

protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process

A

chaperone (also, chaperonin)

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14
Q

reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed

A

dehydration synthesis (also, condensation)

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14
Q

chitin

A

type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms the cell walls of fungi

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15
Q

dehydration synthesis (also, condensation)

A

reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed

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15
Q

type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms the cell walls of fungi

A

chitin

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16
Q

denaturation

A

loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals

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17
Q

loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals

A

denaturation

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18
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

double-helical molecule that carries the hereditary information of the cell

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19
Q

double-helical molecule that carries the hereditary information of the cell

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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20
Q

disaccharide

A

two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycosidic bond

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21
Q

two sugar monomers that are linked together by a glycosidic bond

A

disaccharide

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22
Q

catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

A

enzyme

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22
Q

enzyme

A

catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

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23
Q

glycogen

A

storage carbohydrate in animals

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24
Q

storage carbohydrate in animals

A

glycogen

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25
Q

glycosidic bond

A

bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with the elimination of a water molecule

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26
Q

bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with the elimination of a water molecule

A

glycosidic bond

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27
Q

hormone

A

chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes

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28
Q

chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes

A

hormone

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29
Q

causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules with the utilization of water

A

hydrolysis reaction

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29
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules with the utilization of water

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30
Q

macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water

A

lipid

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31
Q

lipid

A

macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water

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32
Q

RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein
synthesis

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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32
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein
synthesis

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33
Q

monomer

A

smallest unit of larger molecules called polymers

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34
Q

smallest unit of larger molecules called polymers

A

monomer

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35
Q

monosaccharide

A

single unit or monomer of carbohydrates

36
Q

single unit or monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

37
Q

nucleic acid

A

biological macromolecule that carries the genetic blueprint of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell

38
Q

biological macromolecule that carries the genetic blueprint of a cell and carries instructions for the functioning of the cell

A

nucleic acid

39
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.

40
Q

monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base.

A

nucleotide

41
Q

omega fat

A

type of polyunsaturated fat that is required by the body; the numbering of the carbon omega starts from the methyl end or the end that is farthest from the carboxylic end

42
Q

polymer

A

chain of monomer residues that is linked by covalent bonds; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation

42
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with
a phosphate group linking two pentose sugars of neighboring nucleotides

42
Q

type of polyunsaturated fat that is required by the body; the numbering of the carbon omega starts from the methyl end or the end that is farthest from the carboxylic end

A

omega fat

42
Q

bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

A

peptide bond

42
Q

peptide bond

A

bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

42
Q

covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking two pentose sugars of neighboring nucleotides

A

phosphodiester linkage

42
Q

chain of monomer residues that is linked by covalent bonds; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation

A

polymer

42
Q

phospholipid

A

major constituent of the membranes; composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate- containing group attached to a glycerol backbone

43
Q

major constituent of the membranes; composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate- containing group attached to a glycerol backbone

A

phospholipid

44
Q

polynucleotide

A

long chain of nucleotides

45
Q

long chain of nucleotides

A

polynucleotide

46
Q

polypeptide

A

long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

47
Q

long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

A

polypeptide

48
Q

polysaccharide

A

long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched

49
Q

long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched

A

polysaccharide

50
Q

primary structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

51
Q

protein

A

biological macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids

52
Q

linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

A

primary structure

53
Q

biological macromolecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids

A

protein

54
Q

purine

A

type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines

55
Q

type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines

A

purine

56
Q

pyrimidine

A

type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.

57
Q

association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein

A

quaternary structure

57
Q

type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.

A

pyrimidine

58
Q

quaternary structure

A

association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein

59
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in
protein synthesis

60
Q

single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in
protein synthesis

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

61
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA that ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes the formation of the peptide linkage

62
Q

long-chain of hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

A

saturated fatty acid

62
Q

RNA that ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes the formation of the peptide linkage

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

62
Q

secondary structure

A

regular structure formed by proteins by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue

63
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

long-chain of hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

64
Q

regular structure formed by proteins by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue

A

secondary structure

65
Q

starch

A

storage carbohydrate in plants

66
Q

storage carbohydrate in plants

A

starch

67
Q

steroid

A

type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure

68
Q

type of lipid composed of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure

A

steroid

69
Q

tertiary structure

A

three-dimensional conformation of a protein, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains

70
Q

three-dimensional conformation of a protein, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains

A

tertiary structure

71
Q

fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils, leading to a different arrangement of double bond(s) than those found in naturally occurring lipids.

A

trans fat

71
Q

trans fat

A

fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils, leading to a different arrangement of double bond(s) than those found in naturally occurring lipids.

71
Q

transcription

A

process through which messenger RNA forms on a template of DNA

72
Q

process through which messenger RNA forms on a template of DNA

A

transcription

73
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the
ribosome

74
Q

process through which RNA directs the formation of protein

A

translation

74
Q

RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the
ribosome

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

75
Q

translation

A

process through which RNA directs the formation of protein

76
Q

fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

A

triacylglycerol (also, triglyceride)

76
Q

triacylglycerol (also, triglyceride)

A

fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

77
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

78
Q

long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

A

unsaturated fatty acid

79
Q

wax

A

lipid made of a long-chain fatty acid that is esterified to a long-chain alcohol; serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves

80
Q

lipid made of a long-chain fatty acid that is esterified to a long-chain alcohol; serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves

A

wax

BIO156 (13 decks)

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