Comparing Theories Flashcards
How does Klein’s theory differ from Freud’s
Unlike Freud, Klein:
• Focuses on 4 – 6 mos. of live vs. Freud’s 4 – 6 yrs.
• Puts less emphasis on biological drives, more on patterns of interpersonal relationships.
• Stresses nurturing of mother (vs. control of dad)
• Motive for human behavior is human contact & relatedness, not sex.
• Superego and OC begin earlier
• In OC, child fears retaliation for fantasizing emptying parent’s body
• Both genders need to establish pos. attitude w/ good object & avoid bad.
• Girl retains strong attachment to mom throughout OC. Girl d/t blame mom for having no penis.
Compare Freud & Horney
Horney • Optimistic • focused on dynamic cultural forces • Psychoanalysis: cultural influences on personality • Control over personality
Freud
• Pessimistic view of humanity
• innate instincts and stagnant personality
• Psychoanalysis: instincts and unconscious impulses.
• Little control over personality
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- Horney’s view of humanity: optimistic and centered on cultural forces subject to change; Freud’s, a pessimistic view of humanity based on innate instincts and stagnant personality.
- Horney objected to Freud’s view on feminine psych.
- H. felt psychoanalysis should move beyond instinct theory and focus on cultural influences shaping personality
Compare Freud & Adler
- Motivation – F: sex & aggression. A: social influences and superiority/success.
- Personality – Freud: little choice of personality. Adler: ppl responsible for who they are.
- Behavior – Freud: caused by past experiences. Adler: shaped by ppl’s view of future.
- Awareness: Freud: driven by unconscious. Adler: healthy ppl usually aware of what they’re doing and why.
How do Freud and Jung differ on concepts of unconscious and ego?
Unconscious
• Freud: Many unconscious drives, urges, instincts motivate behavior. Refers to phylogenetic, only as a last resort.
• Jung:
- Personal unconscious similar to Freud’s unconscious & preconscious combined.
- Most important part is collective unconscious - archetypes.
Ego
• Jung: Ego is center of consciousness, but it’s completed by the self (center of personality that’s largely unconscious).
• Freud: Ego is the decision-making/exec branch of personality. It’s the only mind region in contact w/ reality.
Compare Rotter & Mischel, Skinner and Bandura
- Skinner: Behavior is shaped by a) personal history of reinforcement b) natural selection c) evolution of cultural practices. NOT free will. Ppl not motivated by internal drives. Only overt behavior is relevant.
- Bandura: reinforcement is not essential to learning. Observational learning works.
- Rotter: People’s cognitions, past histories and expectations for the future are keys to predicting behavior.
- Bandura, Rotter & Mischel: Cognitive factors such as expectancies, subjective perceptions, values, goals and personal standards shape personality.
What does self-actualization mean to Maslow, Rogers, May and Jung?
Maslow: Completion of conative needs, and embracing B-values (truth, beauty, justice, etc.). They enjoy doing things for its own sake.
Rogers: Congruence between ideal self and self-image (in awareness). The full actualizing tendency refers to ideal self vs. organismic self (real self, conscious & unconscious).
May: Dasein: Unity of self and world – balancing Umwelt, Mitwelt, Eigenwelt (relationships w/ things, people, & oneself).
Jung: Self – Uniting all archetypes (persona, shadow, anima, animus, etc.) together in self-realization. Completeness, wholeness, perfection.
Compare the trait theories of McCrae & Costa v Eysenck v Allport
Allport
• Common traits – many ppl have
• Individual traits (personal dispositions) – specific to the individual, guides behavior.
• 3 types of personal dispositions: cardinal (few ppl have these), central (5-10 traits making person unique), secondary (more numerous
• Psnl Dispositions can be motivational (initiate actions) or stylistic (guide actions)
All Personal Dispositions
Eysenck
• Used hypothetico-deductive approach (falsify a hypothesis) to ID 3 bipolar factors: extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/stability, psychoticism/superego.
• Personality must predict behavior.
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McCrae & Costa
• Used factor analysis via correlational studies.
• Puts equal emphasis on biological & environ. Influences on personality.
• Five Factors – extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness.
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Compare Allport, Eysenck, McCrae & Costa on personality as stable traits.
• Allport:
o Emphasized uniqueness, so studied individuals.
o Objected to reducing behaviors to common traits, so gathered data on single individual level.
o Studied personal dispositions: Cardinal dispositions – few ppl have these; central (5 – 10 that are focus of one’s life), secondary (many)
• Eysenck:
o Based taxonomy on both factor analysis
o Felt that only three factors can be discerned by a factor analytic approach
o Three dimensions: introversion/extraversion, neuroticism/stability, psychoticism/socialization
• McCrae & Costa
o Five-factors: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness.
Eysenck also had extraversion & neuroticism.
What’s the difference between personality as a dynamic entity vs. stable traits?
Dynamic:
• Personality as a dynamic entity motivated by drives, perceptions, needs, goals, and expectancies.
• Cognitive and affective dynamics interact with the environment to produce behavior.
Stable:
• Personality as a function of relatively stable traits or personal dispositions.
• People are motivated by a limited number of drives or personal traits for somewhat consistent behavior.
Compare the learning theories of Skinner, Bandura, Rotter/Mischel, & Kelly
Skinner: Skinner argued that behavior is shaped by reinforcement and all control rests with environment, not free will. Reinforcement is essential to learning.
Bandura believes ppl can learn by observation through modeling – using cognition to represent and store information for future use. Also supports enactive learning (by consequences of behaviors).
Rotter/Mischel
Rotter felt that people’s cognitions, past histories and expectations for the future are keys to predicting behavior.
Also, Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel believe that cognitive factors such as expectancies, subjective perceptions, values, goals and personal standards shape personality.
Kelly
All people anticipate events by the meanings or constructs, they place on the events. Behavior is shaped by their construction of that world.
What’s the source of basic anxiety for Horney, Fromm, Maslow, Rogers and May?
Horney: Competitive & aggressive culture causes basic hostility. Repressed hostility leads to basic anxiety.
Fromm: Isolation/separation from the natural world, including independence from mother.
Maslow: In ability to satisfy physiological and/or safety needs (often due to childhood fears).
Rogers: When we become aware of discrepancy between organismic experience and self-concept.
May: Freedom, or awareness that one’s existence or an important value might be destroyed.
How do Freud and Klein differ on Superego?
Freud: after the Oedipus Complex is resolved.
Klein: Emerges much earlier than Freud thought, is not from OC, and it’s much harsher and crueler.
How do Freud, Jung, and Klein differ on inheriting from ancestors
Freud
• Phylogenetic endowment – part of unconscious, from early ancestors.
• Used inherited dispositions only to fill gaps left by individual experiences.
• Later, he used phylo. endow. to explain OC and castr. anxiety
Jung:
• Primary emphasis on collective unconscious.
• Not inherited ideas, but tendency to react according to a biologically inherited response tendency.
• Actively influences ppl’s thoughts, emotions, actions and produces big dreams.
• Wise Old Man archetype symbolizes preexisting knowledge, but it’s unconscious and not directly experienced.
Klein:
• Baby’s begin life with an inherited predisposition to reduce anxiety. This presupposes phylogenetic endowment.
List similarities and differences between Freud’s defense mechanisms and Adler’s safeguarding tendencies.
Both serve as protections against anxiety.
Two primary differences:
1) Freudian mechanisms unconsciously protect the ego, while Adler’s safeguarding tendencies are often conscious attempt to shield self-esteem.
2) Freud’s mechanisms apply to everyone. Adler’s tendencies were discussed only in relation to neurotic symptoms.
How does Rogers’s theory of the self and self-actualization relate to May’s ideas of “being in the world?”
How does Rogers’s theory of the self and self-actualization relate to May’s ideas of “being in the world?”
Rogers
• Felt that to become fully functioning or self-actualized, one must have congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard in a relationship.
• Self-actualization refers only the part of the actualizing tendency that’s in awareness – so, here, congruence refers to self-concept and ideal self.
• The full actualizing tendency includes unconscious, so congruence would involve organismic self and ideal self.
May
• May talks about living in Umwelt, Eigenwelt, and Mitwelt simultaneously – relationships with objects/nature, other people, and oneself.
Rogers’ emphasis on interpersonal relations relates to Mitwelt. May’s theory discusses Umwelt, Eigenwelt and Mitwelt.
