Comparative Dogestive Anatomy: Autoenzymatic Flashcards
What are the 6 steps to digestion?
- Ingestion
- Mastication
- Digestion
- Absorption
- Metabolism
- Excretion
What is an example of an obligate carnivore?
Cats, they cannot survive without taurine which they can only get from meat
What is an example of a frugavore?
Fruit bats only eat fruit
Which animals rely on a type of vegetation for food?
Koalas with eucalyptus and pandas with bamboo
Which herbivore anatomically speaking should be a carnivore but isn’t?
Pandas
What is an example of a granivore?
Sparrows and quails
What does autoenzymatic mean?
Animals create their own enzymes for digestion
What does alloenzymatic mean?
Animals rely on microbes to produce enzymes for digestion
What are the functions of the stomach?
Storage, mixing, secretion, digestion, and absorption
What are the four zones of the stomach?
Cardiac, fungus, body, and pyloric
Which gastric liquids are secreted in the stomach?
Mucus, HCL, and pepsin
What is the pH levels for humans, dogs, and cows?
Humans have a pH of 1.5, dogs have a pH of 4, and cows have a pH of 6.5
Why does the pH levels vary amongst animals?
Depends on how much bacteria is digested through the food
How does pH help with digestion in the stomach?
Helps with the hydrolysis of proteins and the breakdown of polysaccharides
What are gastric ulcers?
Sores or erosion of the stomach lining
What can cause gastric ulcers?
H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids
Why are stomach ulcers the more significant cause of death in pigs in large factories?
They feed pigs an excessive amount of carbohydrates causing fermentation which is then exacerbated by stress
How do hormones regulate the gastrointestinal tract?
- Food stimulates the vagus nerve to release gastrin
- Gastrin is a regulator hormone that releases histamine from the mucosal cells
- Histamine attaches to receptors in the stomach and activates cAMP
- cAMP produces H+ and ATPase
- Causes Cl- secretion
- Once full, GIP travels from the small intestine to the brain and inhibits gastrin
Why do young animals have less HCl and a higher pH?
Their microbiome is still developing so they do not want to kill off the good bacteria, makes it easier to digest milk
Why does chymosin clot milk in the stomach?
Slows passage of milk to increase digestion efficiency, prevents the intestines from being overloaded, possible survival role for prey species
What regulates gastric motility?
Unabsorbed lipids in the small intestine causes gastric emptying which is then mediated by CCK
Which enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acids?
Protease
Which enzyme breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides?
Amylase
Which enzyme breaks down lipids into fatty acids?
Lipase
