Comparative Digestive Anatomy: Alloenzymatic Flashcards
What are the two compartments of the stomach in chickens?
Proventriculus which is the enzyme digestion and the ventriculus which is the grinding digestion
What is the purpose of the crop?
Store food for later digestion
Create “milk” of lipid rich epithelial cells and ingested food that is fed to young
How is the avian digestive system different compared to others?
Segments less distinct and proportionately smaller
Why do avians have reverse peristalsis?
To gain more nutrients
Gastric reflux: from ventriculus to proventriculus
Upper intestinal reflux: jejunum to ventriculus
Lower intestinal reflux: colon to ceca
Where does fermentation happen in alloenzymatic digesters?
Foregut and hindgut
What are the four chambers of the stomach for ruminants?
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum
Only 1 chamber is dedicated to anaerobic fermentation which is the rumen
What do the fermentative species break down?
Acetate, butyrate, and propionate into VFA’s
Why does happen cellulose production from the rumen microbes?
Enables digestion from cellulose to cellulase to glucose
Fermentation yield additional nutrients, what are they?
Amino acids, water soluble vitamins, and vitamin K
What happens to the microbes if they are still attached to food after going through the abomasum?
Are digested as a protein source along with metabolites and fermentation products
What is the difference between browsers, grazers, and intermediates?
Browsers eat more soluble fiber, grazers eat more high fiber feeds, and intermediates eat both
What are the three compartments of a camelids stomach?
C1, C2, and C3
Which microbes can be found in the rumen?
Bacteria, Protozoa, fungi, and yeast
What are some disadvantages of hind-gut fermenters?
Less favorable for maximum microbe growth, less efficient for nutrient absorption, less efficient for fiber digestion
How is horse fermentation different from cow fermentation?
Horse have a smaller stomach and so smaller meals
They have an expanded length of large intestine for fermentation instead of a rumen
They have a less efficient way for fiber digestion
How do rabbits get nutrients from fermentation?
Selectively excrete fiber and retain non-fiber components
Contractions of the stomach expel fibrous fecal pellets
Cecil contents are squeezed into the proximal colon
Goblet cells secrete mucin creating cecotropes
Why do rabbits eat cecotropes?
Cecotropes or soft poop has secondary nutrients that is consumed again for microbial proteins and B vitamins
