Communist Control and Terror Flashcards

1
Q

What were the 3 types of opposition faced by the Bolsheviks?

A

Other political groups on both the RW and LW
Many opponents throughout the empire - former tsarist officers to capricious peasants
Ideological opposition

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2
Q

How did the Mensheviks and SRs remove themselves as opposition?

A

They walked out on the October 1917 Soviet Congress post-revolution and left the Bolsheviks with a monopoly on power. Sovnarkom banned opposing press and ordered arrest of opposing leaders.

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3
Q

How did the Bolsheviks show their determination to destroy the opposition?

A

The creation of the Cheka in December 1917
Dismissal of the Constituent Assembly
Extension of the Red Army. §

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4
Q

What did the Cheka change its name to in 1923?

A

OGPU

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5
Q

What did the OGPU become in 1934?

A

NKVD.

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6
Q

What was the ‘class warfare’ waged on the middle and upper classes?

A

Bourgeoise property was confiscated, social privilege ended and discriminatory taxes levied on the burzhui - the enemies of the people. Ideological opponents as much as political ones were arrested, exiled or executed.

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7
Q

What was the impact of the attempted assassination attempt on Lenin in August 1918?

A

He had a frenzied attack on the bourgeois, while the Cheka rounded up thousands on whom the label could be pinned. Confessions and names of accomplices were obtained by torture. This was the start of the terror.

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8
Q

What did Sovnarkom do in September 1918?

A

Gave the Cheka authority to find, question, arrest and destroy the families of suspected traitors. All remaining SRs and Mensheviks were branded traitors and 500 shot in Petrograd.

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9
Q

How did Cheka agents show their loyalty to the regime?

A

They took matters into their own hands, from the Tsar and his family to ordinary workers suspected of counter-revolution. Merchants, traders, professors, prostitutes and kulaks all suffer.

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10
Q

How many priests were killed in 1921 for failure to hand over valuable Church possessions?

A

8000

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11
Q

How many people were shot in the 1918-21 period?

A

Between 500,000 - 1,000,000,000

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12
Q

Who were the Workers Opposition?

A

Led by Shlyapkinov and Kollontai in 1921 they were a faction who demanded workers had more control over their own affairs.

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13
Q

What was Lenin’s ban on factions?

A

1921 - all Party members had to accept CC decisions or face expulsion from the Party. The opportunity for debate was removed and opposition became impossible.

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14
Q

What was the 1928 Shakhty Show Trial?

A

53 engineers at the Shakhty coal mine were accused of counter-revolutionary activity after a decline in production. They were forced to confess in a show trial - 5 executed, 44 imprisoned.

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15
Q

What did the Shakhty Show Trial begin?

A

It was a clear indication of Stalin’s determination to find a scapegoat for his own economic policies, causing an industrial terror, depriving hundreds of ‘bourgeois specialists’ of their jobs. Critics in Gosplan removed and further trials took place.

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16
Q

What was the 1933 Metro-Vickers trial?

A

British specialists were found guilty of wrecking activities.

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17
Q

What was Yagoda commissioned for in 1929?

A

To investigate ways in which the prison population could be put to better use. HIs proposal involved building on the corrective-labour camps by creating new camps of 50,000 prisoners each to mine valuable metals.

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18
Q

How was it believed the gulags could contribute to economic growth?

A

By offering minimum per capita funding and imposing economies of scale, it was believed that these gulags could contribute to economic growth whilst offering appropriate correction for the prisoners.

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19
Q

What was the Crisis of 1932?

A

Stalin’s wife, Nadezhda, committed suicide. She left a note criticising Stalin’s policies and showing her sympathy for Stalin’s political enemies. This arguably unhinged.

20
Q

What was the socio-economic status of Russia in 1932?

A

Famine in the countryside and a spate of workers strikes the industrial towns, driven by economic factors but also bringing criticisms of the 5YPs.

21
Q

Who was Stalin’s main opponent in 1932?

A

Bukharin, who had recently been re-elected to the CC in June 1930

22
Q

Who were the 2 informal groups who emerged within the Party elite?

A

The Old Bolsheviks led by Smirnov. They were discovered to have held meetings discussing Lenin’s removal. They were arrested by the OGPU.
The Routine Platform disapproved of Stalin’s political direction and some of their papers influenced his wife.

23
Q

What was the Ryutin Platform?

A

A group of Bolsheviks who disapproved of Stalin’s political direction and some of their papers influenced his wife. Routine sent an appeal to the CC urging Stalin’s removal. Stalin called for their immediate execution but was overruled by the Politburo, Kirov in particular.

24
Q

In 1933 and 1934, how many Bolsheviks were branded Ryutinites and purged?

A

18%

25
Q

What was the Kirov Affair?

A

At the 17th Party Congress in 1934, Stalin announced that the Anti-Leninist Opposition had been defeated, and others who had challenged Stalin in the leadership struggle admitted their ‘errors’ to give the impression of unity.

26
Q

In the 17th P Congress, what happened with Kirov?

A

There was a split between those who wanted to maintain industrialisation and others within the Politburo (Kirov) who spoke of stopping grain requisitioning and increasing workers rations. Only 2 followed Stalin and Kirov got a standing ovation.

27
Q

What was the outcome of Kirov’s speech?

A

General Secretary was abolished and Stalin, Kirov, Zhdanov and Kaganovich were all given ‘Secretary of Equal Rank’’.

28
Q

When was Kirov assassinated?

A

December 1934, the circumstances were suspicious and Stalin claimed it was a Trotskyite conspiracy led by Zinovievites to overthrow the Party.

29
Q

What was the aftermath of the Kirov Affair?

A

Z,K and others are arrested and accused of terrorism and sentenced to 10 years. 11,000 former people were arrested in 195 and 250,000 Party Members expelled. There was a purge of Kremlin employees to uncover foreign spies also.

30
Q

What was the 1936 Show Trial?

A

Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 others put on trial in order to prove the existence of political conspiracies. All 16 found guilty of a Trotskyite plot to murder Stalin - all executed.

31
Q

When was Yagoda replaced?

A

Sept 1936 as he had not been active enough in uncovering the conspiracy - replaced by Yezhov.

32
Q

In June 1937, how were the military officers purged?

A

8 senior military commanders were arrested and made to sign false confessions of participating in a Trotskyite-Rightist anti-Soviet conspiracy.
Of 767 High Command, 512 executed.

33
Q

When were Bukharin, Rykov and Yagoda sentenced to be shot for conspiring with the Trotsky-Zinoviev terrorist organisation?

A

March 1938. Bukharin made the mistake of trying to defend himself, and when admitting to general charges added ‘whether or not I knew’. He was shot along with 16 others.

34
Q

What was the reality of the Trotsky-Zinoviev alliance?

A

There have been letters uncovered between Trotsky and middle-ranking communist officials, but no evidence of direct contact between Trotsky and Zinoviev.

35
Q

What was the Yezhovschina?

A

The Purge of Ordinary Citizens, 1937-38.

36
Q

What was the effect of the Yezhovschina?

A

Terror was spread down from the Party into Soviet institutions. Thousands were terrorised, executed or sent to labour camps. This was increasingly directed at ordinary citizens.

37
Q

What was the July 1937 Politburo resolution?

A

It condemned Anti-Soviet elements in Russian society and an arrest list of over 250,000 was drawn up. A quota system was established and each region was expected to find a proportion of opposition.

38
Q

How were the Leading Party Members purged?

A

Around 70% of CC shot. Old Bolsheviks removed through show trial. Members encouraged to denounce others, leading to local and high-level Party purges.

39
Q

How were the National Minorities purged?

A

Leaders of national republics charged with treason and removed.
In Georgia, 2 successive PMs removed and 350,000 NatMins put on trial.

40
Q

How were the Armed Forces purged?

A

8 generals, 11 war commissars, all 8 admirals shot.
50% of the officer corps & 65% of military intelligence shot.

41
Q

How was the NKVD purged?

A

Yagoda and more than 23,000 NKVD men put on trial.

42
Q

How were peasants purged?

A

Kulaks had 50% of all arrests, and over half the amount of executions.

43
Q

Why did the purges begin to slow after 1938?

A

The Yezhovschina had threatened to destabilise the State and both industry and administration had suffered. Consequently, Stalin accused Yezhov of excessive zeal and arrested him,

44
Q

What did the 18th Party Congress declare?

A

That mass cleansings were no longer needed
1.5 million cases reviewed, 450,000 released.

45
Q

Which 2 final Old Bolsheviks were assassinated in 1940?

A

Yezhov and Trotsky - anyone else with an early leadership claim had been removed.

46
Q

What was Stalin’s position by the end of the purges?

A

He was in a position of extreme power - execution of political rivals helped, and pushing of sentences and release of prisoners helped restore faith in him. Yezhov was seen as the cause of the issues and Stalin had complete Party control and a subservient population.