1894-1914 Social Developments Flashcards
What was the increase in urban factory workers 1900-1913?
2M-6M.
What was the increase in urban workers 1900-1913?
7-28M.
What were the different ways peasants settled in cities?
Some migrated temporarily and travelled home to help with harvest.
Some put down roots and started families.
Some joined the nomadic factory workers who moved town-to-town.
In 1914, how many people were peasants by birth in St Petersburg?
3 in 4
How was Moscow made into a ‘peasant city’?
Livestock roamed the streets and peasant markets were held in Red Square.
What were the facilities live in St Petersburg?
Grossly inadequate - workers in barracks by factories.
There were overcrowded, unsanitary communal bathrooms.
In St Petersburg, what % of houses had no water or sewage?
40%
How many died of cholera in 1909?
30,000
Why was rent 1/2 of workers wages?
Demand to live in cities was so high.
What % of the workforce did women comprise, and what was their average wage?
1/3rd, but made under 1/2 of what men did.
What was the average wage increase compared to inflation?
245-264 roubles - Inflation at 40%.
What was banned in 1892?
Child labour U12.
What was banned in 1897?
Work days over 11.5 hours.
How many children were educated by 1914?
55%.
What is the increase in political activism in 1914?
There were 3574 stoppages, more than the past 8 years combined.
What was the Lena Goldfields Massacre?
A strike - troops deployed who killed 27 and injured 250.
What development gap widened?
The gap between kulaks and regular peasants.
What caused variation in living standards in the countryside?
The farming was prosperous in the Ukraine and the Caucasus - better QOL
What was concentrated in the Russian heartland?
Nobles owning the majority of land and backwards farming practices.
Despite zemstva healthcare, what were the majority of peasants ineligible for?
Military conscription or service.
What were the illiteracy rates in 1914?
60%
Who was the peasant’s loyalty to unblemished in 1914?
Church and Tsar.
What were the social issues in rural Russia?
High mortality rates and too few doctors and teachers.
Which nobles managed to retain their lifestyle?
Those with high-ranking government or military posts.
What % of total noble land was given to the peasants?
1/3rd.
Why were the nobles able to retain the majority of their wealth?
There was no redistributive taxation or attacks on the landed gentry. Nicholas was keep to keep their zemstva influence and they had their own Noble Assembly.
What challenged the traditional legal system?
The growth of an emergence middle class - businessman and urban professionals.
What were the mobility opportunities in this time?
Mostly becoming managers or administrators in factories - some peasants worked their way up or some nobles became factory-owners.
Where did the middle class exert a disproportionate influence?
In the zemstva and duma.
What fuelled the growth of the middle class?
The growth in education.
What made the peasants an easy target for political agitators?
They moved to the city and didn’t know anyone so were easily influenced and conformed to the views of the radical minority.
What is referred to as the Tsarist government’s gravest mistake?
Their inability to respond to social change in cities in the early 1900s.
What spurred on women’s advancement?
Dec 1908 - First All-Russian Congress Of Women - 1035 delegates.
What was the increase in primary school expenditure?
5M in 1894-82M in 1914. There were 6.5M children aged 8-11 in education.
What were the limitations of the expansion in education?
Only 1/3 were girls.
Urban areas were better provided.
Still 40% illiteracy.
How many newspapers were being published weekly by 1914?
1767.
What was established for the newly literate?
Reading Rooms and cheap publication of classic Russian literature.
In which ways did secondary and higher education remain elitist in this period?
69,000 Uni students in 1914 - 45% female. Only 25% of all secondary school students had a peasant background.
What was Chekhov’s importance in this period?
He produced realist plays until his death in 1904 - a disciple of Leo Tolstoy.
What was produced by the 1905 relaxation in censorship?
the ‘silver age’ of Russian culture
Which two creatives created shocking modernist pieces that challenged convention?
Stravinsky’s music and Diaghelev’s ballets
What was the impact of the 1913 Tercentenary Celebrations?
Culture was widely found, and Nicholas & Alexei wore traditional Muscovite and Orthodox dress. The Empire still loved him and the Church remained a key influence in social control.
What brought a rise in patriotism & Tsarist support in 1914?
WW1.
