1894-1914 Social Developments

Question 1

What was the increase in urban factory workers 1900-1913?

Answer 1

2M-6M.

Question 2

What was the increase in urban workers 1900-1913?

Answer 2

7-28M.

Question 3

What were the different ways peasants settled in cities?

Answer 3

Some migrated temporarily and travelled home to help with harvest.
Some put down roots and started families.
Some joined the nomadic factory workers who moved town-to-town.

Question 4

In 1914, how many people were peasants by birth in St Petersburg?

Answer 4

3 in 4

Question 5

How was Moscow made into a ‘peasant city’?

Answer 5

Livestock roamed the streets and peasant markets were held in Red Square.

Question 6

What were the facilities live in St Petersburg?

Answer 6

Grossly inadequate - workers in barracks by factories.
There were overcrowded, unsanitary communal bathrooms.

Question 7

In St Petersburg, what % of houses had no water or sewage?

Answer 7

40%

Question 8

How many died of cholera in 1909?

Answer 8

30,000

Question 9

Why was rent 1/2 of workers wages?

Answer 9

Demand to live in cities was so high.

Question 10

What % of the workforce did women comprise, and what was their average wage?

Answer 10

1/3rd, but made under 1/2 of what men did.

Question 11

What was the average wage increase compared to inflation?

Answer 11

245-264 roubles - Inflation at 40%.

Question 12

What was banned in 1892?

Answer 12

Child labour U12.

Question 13

What was banned in 1897?

Answer 13

Work days over 11.5 hours.

Question 14

How many children were educated by 1914?

Answer 14

55%.

Question 15

What is the increase in political activism in 1914?

Answer 15

There were 3574 stoppages, more than the past 8 years combined.

Question 16

What was the Lena Goldfields Massacre?

Answer 16

A strike - troops deployed who killed 27 and injured 250.

Question 17

What development gap widened?

Answer 17

The gap between kulaks and regular peasants.

Question 18

What caused variation in living standards in the countryside?

Answer 18

The farming was prosperous in the Ukraine and the Caucasus - better QOL

Question 19

What was concentrated in the Russian heartland?

Answer 19

Nobles owning the majority of land and backwards farming practices.

Question 20

Despite zemstva healthcare, what were the majority of peasants ineligible for?

Answer 20

Military conscription or service.

Question 21

What were the illiteracy rates in 1914?

Answer 21

60%

Question 22

Who was the peasant’s loyalty to unblemished in 1914?

Answer 22

Church and Tsar.

Question 23

What were the social issues in rural Russia?

Answer 23

High mortality rates and too few doctors and teachers.

Question 24

Which nobles managed to retain their lifestyle?

Answer 24

Those with high-ranking government or military posts.

Question 25

What % of total noble land was given to the peasants?

Answer 25

1/3rd.

Question 26

Why were the nobles able to retain the majority of their wealth?

Answer 26

There was no redistributive taxation or attacks on the landed gentry. Nicholas was keep to keep their zemstva influence and they had their own Noble Assembly.

Question 27

What challenged the traditional legal system?

Answer 27

The growth of an emergence middle class - businessman and urban professionals.

Question 28

What were the mobility opportunities in this time?

Answer 28

Mostly becoming managers or administrators in factories - some peasants worked their way up or some nobles became factory-owners.

Question 29

Where did the middle class exert a disproportionate influence?

Answer 29

In the zemstva and duma.

Question 30

What fuelled the growth of the middle class?

Answer 30

The growth in education.

Question 31

What made the peasants an easy target for political agitators?

Answer 31

They moved to the city and didn’t know anyone so were easily influenced and conformed to the views of the radical minority.

Question 32

What is referred to as the Tsarist government’s gravest mistake?

Answer 32

Their inability to respond to social change in cities in the early 1900s.

Question 33

What spurred on women’s advancement?

Answer 33

Dec 1908 - First All-Russian Congress Of Women - 1035 delegates.

Question 34

What was the increase in primary school expenditure?

Answer 34

5M in 1894-82M in 1914. There were 6.5M children aged 8-11 in education.

Question 35

What were the limitations of the expansion in education?

Answer 35

Only 1/3 were girls.
Urban areas were better provided.
Still 40% illiteracy.

Question 36

How many newspapers were being published weekly by 1914?

Answer 36

1767.

Question 37

What was established for the newly literate?

Answer 37

Reading Rooms and cheap publication of classic Russian literature.

Question 38

In which ways did secondary and higher education remain elitist in this period?

Answer 38

69,000 Uni students in 1914 - 45% female. Only 25% of all secondary school students had a peasant background.

Question 39

What was Chekhov’s importance in this period?

Answer 39

He produced realist plays until his death in 1904 - a disciple of Leo Tolstoy.

Question 40

What was produced by the 1905 relaxation in censorship?

Answer 40

the ‘silver age’ of Russian culture

Question 41

Which two creatives created shocking modernist pieces that challenged convention?

Answer 41

Stravinsky’s music and Diaghelev’s ballets

Question 42

What was the impact of the 1913 Tercentenary Celebrations?

Answer 42

Culture was widely found, and Nicholas & Alexei wore traditional Muscovite and Orthodox dress. The Empire still loved him and the Church remained a key influence in social control.

Question 43

What brought a rise in patriotism & Tsarist support in 1914?

Answer 43

WW1.