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Introduction to Clinical Medicine > Common labs > Flashcards

Common labs Flashcards

1
Q

Na

A

Blood sodium testing is used to detect abnormal concentrations of sodium.

Makes up 90% of the electrolyte fluid

Primary function in the body is to chemically maintain osmotic pressure and acid balance.

Hyponatremia/Hypernatremia

Normal Range 135-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

K

A

Potassium testing is used to detect abnormal concentrations of Potassium (K).

Plays an important role in nerve conduction, muscle function and acid-base balance.

Mostly in the intracellular fluid as compared to the extracellular fluid.

Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia

Normal range 3.7-5.2 mEq/L

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3
Q

Cl

A

Chloride testing determines abnormal concentrations of Chloride.

Blood electrolyte, Maintains cellular integrity through its influence on osmotic pressure and acid-base and water balance.

Hyperchloremia/Hypochloremia

Normal range 96-105 mEq/L

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4
Q

C02

A

Amount of CO2 in circulation. which is essentially measuring your blood bicarbonate level.

95% of this molecule is bound in bicarbonate

Normal range 23-29 mEq/L

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5
Q

GLU

A

Measuring the blood glucose in your blood.

Formed by carbohydrate digestion.

Regulated by glucagon and insulin.

Levels greater than or equal to 126 may indicate diabetes.

Hypoglycemic/Hyperglycemic

Normal range 70-110 mg/dL

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6
Q

BUN

A

Blood urea nitrogen test

Forms in the liver and is the final product of protein metabolism.

Used as an index of glomerular filtration.

Normal range 7-20 mg/dL

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7
Q

Creat

A

Creatinine

Fairly specific and sensitive test for the evaluation of renal function.

Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body.

Normal range
Males: 0.7 - 1.3 mg/dL
Females: 0.6 - 1.1 mg/dL

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8
Q

Ca

A

Calcium testing is to determine the calcium concentration in the blood.

Mostly stored in the bones and teeth.

Participates in vital processes such as muscular contraction, cardiac function, transmission of nerve impulses and blood clotting.

50% of it is ionized and the rest is protein bound.

Hypercalcemia/hypocalcemia

Normal range 8.5 - 10.2 mg/dL

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9
Q

PT

A

Prothrombin Time - A test which measures the time it takes for plasma of your blood to clot.

Normal range 11 - 13.5 seconds
or and INR of 0.8 - 1.1

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10
Q

TP

A

Total Protein - Made up of albumin and globulin

Globulins are an important part of your immune system.

This test is often done to diagnose nutritional deficiencies (Marasmus, Kwashsiorkor), kidney disease or liver disease.

Normal range 6.0 - 8.3 g/dL

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11
Q

ALB

A

Albumin - Determines total albumin in circulation.

The most abundant plasma protein in the body.

Used for maintaining oncotic pressure and used as a carrier protein.

Albumin helps prevent fluid from leaking out of blood vessels.

Normal range 3.4 - 5.4 g/dL

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12
Q

AST

A

Aspartate aminotransferase

Liver enzyme also known as serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

Found in high amounts in liver, heart, and muscle cells.

Usually a sign of liver disease if elevated

Normal range 10 - 34 IU/L (international units / liter)

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13
Q

ALT

A

Alanine Aminotransferase

Liver enzyme known as alanine aminotransferase or serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)

Found in its highest concentration in the liver. An injury to the liver releases ALT

Increased levels of ALT often mean liver disease.

Normal range 10 - 40 IU/L

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14
Q

ALP

A

Alkaline phosphatase

An enzyme originating mainly in the bone, liver and placenta.

Used as an index of liver and bone disease.

Abnormal results can mean many things

High: Biliary obstruction, bone conditions, liver disease

Low: Malnutrition, protein dificiency

Normal range 44 - 147 IU/L

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15
Q

T.Bili

A

Total Bilirubin

Results from the breakdown of hemoglobin in the red blood cells and is a byproduct of hemolysis

High: cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver disease

Low: Biliary stricture, gallstones

Normal range 0.3 - 1.9 mg/dL

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16
Q

D.Bili

A

Direct Bilirubin

Normal range 0 - 0.3 mg/dL

17
Q

Inor P

A

Not sure if this is correct

Phosphorus blood test measures the amount of phosphate in the blood

Hyperphosphatemia/Hypophosphatemia

High: DKA, Kidney failure, liver disease

Low: Alcoholism, hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism

Normal range 2.4 - 4.1 mg/dL

18
Q

Sedimentation Rate

A

The sedimentation rate blood test measures how quickly red blood cells settle in a test tube.

High: rheumatoid diseases, autoimmune diseases, chronic kidney disease

Low: Sickle cell, polycythemia, severe liver disease.

Normal range
Male: 0-15 mm/hr
Female: 0-20 mm/hr

19
Q

Basic Metabolic Panel

A

Na, K, Cl, CO2, GLU, BUN, Creat, Ca

20
Q

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel

A

Na, K, Cl, CO2, GLU, BUN, Creat, Ca, TP, ALB, AST, ALT, ALP, T.Bili

Adds to BMP: TP, ALB, AST, ALT, ALP, T.Bili

21
Q

Liver Function Panel

A

ALB, AST, ALT, ALP, T.Bili, D.Bili

22
Q

Renal Function Panel

A

Na, K, Cl, CO2, GLU, BUN, Creat, Ca, ALB, Inor P

Adds to BMP: ALB, Inor P

23
Q

Electrolyte Panel

A

Na, K, Cl, CO2

24
Q

WBC

A

Total number of all white blood cells in the sample

25
Q

Diff. WBC

A

Percentage of the different types of white blood cells

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
26
Q

RBC

A

Total red blood cell count

27
Q

Diff. RBC

A

Hemoglobin

Reticulocytes

Red blood cell indices

28
Q

Red blood cell indices

A

MCH
MCV
MCHC
RDW

29
Q

MCH

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

Average amount of oxygen carrying hemoglobin

30
Q

MCV

A

Mean corpuscular volume

Average size

31
Q

MCHC

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Average percentage of hemoglobin inside the RBC

32
Q

RDW

A

Red cell distribution width

Variation in size of RBCs

33
Q

Mg

A

Found in the blood, cartilage, and within the cell itself

Regulates neuromuscular irritability

Deficiency of Mg can lead to decreased bone mineral density by causing Ca to drift out of the bones

Introduction to Clinical Medicine (30 decks)

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